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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha como atrativo na alimentação do Rhamdia quelen. No experimento 1, foram utilizados os seguintes atrativos alimentares: 1. extrato aquoso de músculo de tilápia-do-Nilo (controle positivo); 2. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com baixo grau de hidrólise (GH); 3. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH; 4. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH diluído (10% da concentração) e 5. controle usando somente água destilada. Após jejum de 48 horas, o comportamento foi registrado em vídeo por um período basal de dois minutos e por mais 18 minutos após a inoculação do atrativo. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 20 repetições. O experimento 2 foi realizado para avaliar a capacidade do hidrolisado proteico de estimular a ingestão de alimento em juvenis de jundiá. Para isso, foram confeccionados pellets de ágar contendo ou não hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha. Os peixes foram avaliados individualmente e tiveram um período de adaptação de sete dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do teste de proporção de Goodman (1964). A inoculação dos hidrolisados com alto e baixo GH aumentou o tempo de movimentação dos barbilhões. O hidrolisado com alto GH diluído proporcionou os mesmos resultados que o hidrolisado com baixo GH , mas as médias não diferiram das obtidas para a água destilada (controle negativo) e do extrato de músculo. O incremento na movimentação de um lado para outro do aquário foi maior (P<0,05) para os hidrolisados com alto e baixo GH. No experimento 2, a proporção de peixes que ingeriu os pellets contendo hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH foi maior (P<0,05) em relação aos que ingeriram os pellets contendo água destilada. O hidrolisado proteico foi eficiente para estimular o comportamento associado à alimentação em juvenis de Rhamdia quelen.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the sardine waste hydrolysate as a feeding stimulant for Rhamdia quelen juveniles. In experiment 1 the following feeding stimulants were evaluated: 1. Aqueous extract of Nile tilapia muscle; 2. sardine waste protein hydrolysate with a low degree of hydrolysis (DH); 3. Sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high GH; 4. sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high GH diluted (10% concentration) and 5. control using only distilled water. The fish were evaluated individually. After 48 hours fasting, the behavior was videotaped for a baseline period of 2 minutes, and for another 18 minutes after attractive inoculation. The design was completely randomized with three treatments and twenty repetitions. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sardine waste protein hydrolysate on the food intake of silver catfish. For this purpose agar pellets were produced containing or not sardine waste protein hydrolysate. The fish were evaluated individually and had an adjustment period of 7 days. The results were analyzed using the Goodman test (1964). Inoculation of the sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high and low GH increased the barbel movement time. The sardine waste protein hydrolyzate diluted with high GH yielded the same results as the hydrolysate with low GH, but did not differ from the average obtained for distilled water (negative control) and muscle extract. The increase in moving side to side in the aquarium was higher (P<0.05) for sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high and low GH. In experiment 2 the proportion of fish that ingested the pellets containing sardine waste protein hydrolysate was higher (P<0.05) than the proportion of fish that ingested the pellets containing distilled water. The sardine waste protein hydrolysate was efficient to stimulate the feeding associated behavior in Rhamdia quelen juveniles.(AU)

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O hidrolisado proteico de pescado é produzido por meio da hidrólise enzimática de resíduos da indústria de pescado, resultando em um ingrediente de excelente qualidade para ser utilizado na alimentação de peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito das frações do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha sobre o consumo de ração e excreção de amônia de juvenis de jundiá. Foram testadas as frações solúveis e insolúveis do hidrolisado de músculo de sardinha, avaliadas individualmente e combinadas entre si. Juvenis de jundiás (9,76±0,55g) foram divididos em 12 aquários de 20L, na densidade de quatro peixes por aquário, resultando em uma biomassa média de 1,90±0,17g/L. O hidrolisado proteico foi produzido com carcaças limpas de sardinhas mediante o uso da enzima protease bacteriana Protamex(r) (Novozymes A/S) e dele derivaram as frações solúveis e insolúveis. As dietas foram isoproteicas (39% PB) e isoenergéticas (4450kcal EB/kg), e as frações do hidrolisado foram incluídas de forma a fornecerem 50% da proteína das rações. A fração solúvel apresentou grau de hidrólise mais elevado (20,1%) em relação à fração insolúvel (9,97%). As duas dietas contendo a fração solúvel do hidrolisado foram as mais consumidas. Com cinco horas de avaliação, a dieta contendo a fração solúvel do hidrolisado aumentou a excreção de amônia em relação à dieta contendo a fração insolúvel. Após 25 horas, a fração solúvel também aumentou a excreção de amônia, mas, desta vez, em relação à dieta contendo a combinação das duas frações. Conclui-se que a inclusão da fração solúvel do hidrolisado de músculo de sardinha estimula o consumo de ração, todavia, quando a inclusão é elevada, pode haver aumento da excreção de amônia de juvenis de jundiá.(AU)

The fish protein hydrolysate is produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood industry wastes, resulting in a high quality ingredient to be used in fish feed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the fractions of the sardine protein waste hydrolysate fractions on feed intake and ammonia excretion of silver catfish. The soluble and insoluble fractions of the sardine muscle hydrolysate, evaluated individually and in combination were tested. Juvenile silver catfish (9.76±0.55g) were divided into twelve 20L aquaria, in the density of four fish per tank, resulting in an average biomass of 1.90±0.17g/L. The protein hydrolysate was produced with fresh sardine carcasses using the enzyme Protamex(r) bacterial protease (Novozymes A/S) and soluble and insoluble fractions were derived. The diets were isonitrogenous (39% CP) and isocaloric (4450kcal EB/kg) and the hydrolysate fractions were included in order to provide 50% of the protein of the diet. The soluble fraction has higher degree of hydrolysis (20.1%) compared to the insoluble fraction (9.97%). The two diets containing the hydrolysate soluble fraction were the most consumed. With 5 hours of evaluation, the diet containing the hydrolysate soluble fraction increased the excretion of ammonia in relation to diet containing the insoluble fraction. After 25 hours, the soluble fraction also increases the excretion of ammonia but this time in relation to the diet containing a combination of two fractions. It was concluded that the inclusion of the sardine protein hydrolysate soluble fraction in the diet stimulates the silver catfish feed intake, but when inclusion is high it can increase ammonia excretion of juvenile silvercatfish.(AU)

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In the field of Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) researchers still are not able to produce clinically viable solutions that meet the requirements of long-term operation without the use of wires or batteries. Another problem is neural compatibility with the electrode probes. One of the possible ways of approaching these problems is the use of semiconductor biocompatible materials (silicon carbide) combined with an integrated circuit designed to operate with low power consumption. This paper describes a low-power neural signal amplifier chip, named Cortex, fabricated using 0.18 µm CMOS process technology with all electronics integrated in an area of 0.40 mm(2). The chip has 4 channels, total power consumption of only 144 µW, and is impedance matched to silicon carbide biocompatible electrodes.

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The economic importance that myticulture is conquering in Santa Catarina State (South of Brazil) explains the crescent search for new coastal sites for farming. Physiological and biochemical studies of the mussel Perna perna are important to the establishment of methodologies for program assessment and environmental monitoring, allowing to infer about site quality and possible influences of xenobiotic agents on coastal areas. In order to evaluate effects caused by lead poisoning (1.21 mumol.L-1), the mussels were maintained at constant temperature (25ºC) and fed with Chaetoceros gracilis for 15 days. The control group was acclimatized in sea water 30ë. At the end of this period time, physiological measurements were carried out along with statistic analysis for filtration rates, lead assimilation and overall respiratory activity. The mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) was particularly evaluated in standardized gill fragments using rhodamine B accumulation and its quantification under fluorescence optical microscopy. Regarding the control group, results had shown that the mussels maintenance in a lead-poisoned environment caused higher filtration rates (1.04 and 2.3 and L.h-1.g-1; p < 0.05) and lower assimilation rates (71.96 percent and 54.1 percent, respectively). Also it was confirmed a lesser rhodamine B accumulation in the assays under influence of lead, suggesting that this metal induces the MXR mechanism expression in mussel P. perna. These results indicate that such physiological and biochemical alterations in the mussels can modify the energy fluxes of its metabolism, resulting in possible problems on the coastal systems used as cultivating sites

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The economic importance that multiculture is conquering in Santa Catarina State (South of Brazil) explains the crescent search for new coastal sites for farming. Physiological and biochemical studies of the mussel Perna perna are important to the establishment of methodologies for program assessment and environmental monitoring, allowing to infer about site quality and possible influences of xenobiotic agents on coastal areas. In order to evaluate effects caused by lead poisoning (1.21 mumol.L-1), the mussels were maintained at constant temperature (25 degrees C) and fed with Chaetoceros gracilis for 15 days. The control group was acclimatized in sea water 30@1000. At the end of this period time, physiological measurements were carried out along with statistic analysis for filtration rates, lead assimilation and overall respiratory activity. The mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) was particularly evaluated in standardized gill fragments using rhodamine B accumulation and its quantification under fluorescence optical microscopy. Regarding the control group, results had shown that the mussels maintenance in a lead-poisoned environment caused higher filtration rates (1.04 and 2.3 and L.h-1.g-1; p < 0.05) and lower assimilation rates (71.96% and 54.1%, respectively). Also it was confirmed a lesser rhodamine B accumulation in the assays under influence of lead, suggesting that this metal induces the MXR mechanism expression in mussel P. perna. These results indicate that such physiological and biochemical alterations in the mussels can modify the energy fluxes of its metabolism, resulting in possible problems on the coastal systems used as cultivating sites.

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The economic importance that myticulture is conquering in Santa Catarina State (South of Brazil) explains the crescent search for new coastal sites for farming. Physiological and biochemical studies of the mussel Perna perna are important to the establishment of methodologies for program assessment and environmental monitoring, allowing to infer about site quality and possible influences of xenobiotic agents on coastal areas. In order to evaluate effects caused by lead poisoning (1.21 mumol.L-1), the mussels were maintained at constant temperature (25ºC) and fed with Chaetoceros gracilis for 15 days. The control group was acclimatized in sea water 30‰. At the end of this period time, physiological measurements were carried out along with statistic analysis for filtration rates, lead assimilation and overall respiratory activity. The mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) was particularly evaluated in standardized gill fragments using rhodamine B accumulation and its quantification under fluorescence optical microscopy. Regarding the control group, results had shown that the mussels maintenance in a lead-poisoned environment caused higher filtration rates (1.04 and 2.3 and L.h-1.g-1; p 0.05) and lower assimilation rates (71.96% and 54.1%, respectively). Also it was confirmed a lesser rhodamine B accumulation in the assays under influence of lead, suggesting that this metal induces the MXR mechanism expression in mussel P. perna. These results indicate that such physiological and biochemical alterations in the mussels can modify the energy fluxes of its metabolism, resulting in possible problems on the coastal systems used as cultivating sites.

A importância sócio-econômica que a mitilicultura conquistou no Estado de Santa Catarina explica a crescente procura por novos sítios costeiros para o seu uso. Estudos fisiológicos e bioquímicos do mexilhão Perna perna se apresentam como metodologias viáveis para programas de avaliação e monitoramento ambiental, permitindo inferir sobre a qualidade dos sítios e possíveis influências de agentes xenobióticos nas áreas costeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar a existência de variabilidade nesses parâmetros evocada pelo chumbo (1.21 mimol.L-1), mexilhões Perna perna foram mantidos à temperatura constante e alimentados com Chaetoceros gracilis por 15 dias. O grupo controle foi aclimatado em água do mar a 30‰. No final desse período foram realizados experimentos estáticos fisiológicos de filtração, respiração e assimilação, como também foi quantificada a atividade do mecanismo MXR em fragmentos de brânquias, pelo acúmulo de rodamina B, por microscopia óptica de fluorescência. Em relação ao grupo controle, a manutenção dos organismos em solução de chumbo causou maiores taxas de filtração (1,04 e 2,3 e L.h-1.g-1; p 0,05) e menores taxas de assimilação (71,96 e 54,1%, respectivamente). Também foi confirmado menor acúmulo de rodamina nos organismos sob influência do chumbo, sugerindo que este metal induz a expressão do mecanismo MXR no mexilhão Perna perna. Os resultados indicam que tais alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas do mexilhão podem alterar os fluxos de energia no metabolismo, resultando em possíveis problemas nos sistemas costeiros utilizados como sítios de cultivos.

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In situ hybridization with a P33-labelled cDNA probe was used to analyze the effects of castration and replacement therapy by testosterone on the number of neurons expressing vasotocin mRNA in the male quail brain. Castration completely eliminated neurons expressing vasotocin mRNA in the previously described parvocellular vasotocin cell groups, located in the medial preoptic nucleus and in the anterior and posterior part of the medial subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These effects were completely reversed by a 3-week treatment with exogenous testosterone. No marked change in vasotocin expression could be detected in the magnocellular cell groups located in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. These data indicate that the testosterone-induced changes in the vasotocinergic innervation of the quail medial preoptic region and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis result from controlling mechanisms at the pretranslational, presumably transcriptional level. These control mechanisms are therefore very similar to those described for the rat brain despite the existence of major differences in the neuroanatomical organization of this peptidergic system in the two species.

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Toxins, enzymes, and biologically active peptides are the main components of snake venoms from the genus Bothrops. Following the venom inoculation, the local effects are hemorrhage, edema, and myonecrosis. Nineteen different species of Brazilian Bothrops were screened for protein content and L-amino acid oxidase activity. B. cotiara, formerly found in the South of Brazil, is now threatened with extinction. Its venom contains a highly hemorrhagic fraction and, as expected from the deep yellow color of the corresponding lyophilized powder, a high L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) activity was also characterized. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is its associate coenzyme. B. cotiara venom LAO catalyzed the oxidative deamination of several L-amino acids, and the best substrates were methionine, leucine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine, hence, its potential application for the use of biosensors for aspartame determination and for the removal of amino acids from plasma. High levels for LAO were also found in other species than B. cotiara. In addition, the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) was employed as a powerful tool to study the iso- or multi-enzyme distribution for LAO activity in the B. cotiara snake venom.

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