RESUMEN

Introduction: Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease. This insect is a model for the study of insect physiology, especially concerning the digestion of blood. Among the enzymes produced in the midgut of R. prolixus after blood feeding there is a α-L-fucosidase activity. There are very few studies on α-L-fucosidase of insects, and the role of R. prolixus α-L-fucosidase is still not clear. In this work, we tested if the mechanism for production of this enzyme is similar to the observed for proteases, a secretatogue mechanism that respond to the protein contents of the meal. Methods: We tested if specific proteins or sugars elicit this response, which may help to understand the nature of the physiological substrate for this enzyme. Results: In general, our results showed that the Anterior Midgut was the only midgut fraction that responds to the blood meal in terms of α-L-fucosidase production. Besides that, this response was not triggered by midgut distension or by ingestion of the blood cell fraction. Conversely, the enzyme was produced after feeding with the plasma fraction. However, the production of α-L-fucosidase was also triggered by different biochemical stimuli, as protein or fucoidan ingestion. Discussion: This suggested that the production of the enzyme in the anterior midgut was a general physiological response under control of different convergent signals. Besides that, the comparison between different treatments for artificial blood feeding showed that heparinated blood was the choice with minor side effects for the study of the midgut α-L-fucosidase, when compared to defibrinated or citrated blood.

RESUMEN

Subtilisin proteases, found in all organisms, are enzymes important in the post-translational steps of protein processing. In Leishmania major and L. donovani, this enzyme has been described as essential to their survival; however, few compounds that target subtilisin have been investigated for their potential as an antileishmanial drug. In this study, we first show, by electron microscopy and flow cytometry, that subtilisin has broad localization throughout the cytoplasm and membrane of the parasite in the promastigote form with foci in the flagellar pocket. Through in silico analysis, the similarity between subtilisin of different Leishmania species and that of humans were determined, and based on molecular docking, we evaluated the interaction capacity of a serine protease inhibitor against both life cycle forms of Leishmania. The selected inhibitor, known as PF-429242, has already been used against the dengue virus, arenaviruses, and the hepatitis C virus. Moreover, it proved to have antilipogenic activity in a mouse model and caused hypolipidemia in human cells in vitro. Here, PF-429242 significantly inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis promastigotes of four different strains (IC50 values = 3.07 ± 0.20; 0.83 ± 0.12; 2.02 ± 0.27 and 5.83 ± 1.2 µM against LTB0016, PH8, Josefa and LV78 strains) whilst having low toxicity in the host macrophages (CC50 = 170.30 µM). We detected by flow cytometry that there is a greater expression of subtilisin in the amastigote form; however, PF-429242 had a low effect against this intracellular form with an IC50 of >100 µM for intracellular amastigotes, as well as against axenic amastigotes (94.12 ± 2.8 µM for the LV78 strain). In conclusion, even though PF-429242 does not affect the intracellular forms, this drug will serve as a tool to explore pharmacological and potentially leishmanicidal targets.

RESUMEN

Rodents can transmit several diseasesto to human and other animals and cause economic damages. This study looked at rodent population in a veterinary hospital concerning the followings aspects: rodent specie, sex, reproductive period, seasonality and research for Leptospira sp. In addition, rodents from an Atlantic forest fragment were captured and examined for Leptospira sp. Infection. Both the hospital and the forest were located at Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. 72 animals were captured at the veterinary hospital, 22 (30.6%) had been characterised according to Rattus rattus species and most of them (66.7%) were captured in small animals sector. There were no significant differences between males and females in reproductive period (chi2=1.85; p=0.174; alpha=0.05). Rodents were captured all over the year. The highest percentages were observed in January (12.5%), February (15.2%), May (15.2%) and July (16.7%), and the lowest in August (2.8%), September (4.2%) and October (1.4%). There was no positive identification of animals for Leptospira sp., by microagglutination and histopathological exams. The animals from the forest were identified as wild rodents. 16 (50%) OligOryzomis sp, 11 (34.3%) Akodon sp, 3 (9.3%) Oximicterus sp, 1(3.2%) Bolomys sp, 1 (3.2%) Oryzomis sp. There weren´t either any findings of positive animals by histopathological exam. The presence of Rattus rattus in the veterinary hospital could be explained by the existence of appropriate places for hiding and food availability, in amount and quality suitable to this species. These conditions allow for the maintenance of rodents during all over the year, and of males and females ready for reproduction. At the hospital, the absence of positive results for Leptospira sp. do not exclude the potential of the rodents as reservoirs of such pathogen, since a veterinary hospital can always shelter domestic species for treatment that could be eliminating the Leptospira sp. The captured wild species apparently do not represent reservoirs of Leptospira sp.

Os roedores podem transmitir enfermidades para o ser humano e animais, além de provocar diversos prejuízos econômicos. Objetivou-se estudar a população de roedores existente em um hospital veterinário universitário e em um fragmento de mata atlântica nativa, ambos os locais localizados na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. No hospital veterinário, foram analisadas as variáveis espécies, sexo, período reprodutivo, sazonalidade, presença de Leptospira sp. em fragmento renal e anticorpos anti-Leptospira em amostras de soro; os animais silvestre foram analisados segundo a presença de Leptospira sp. em fragmento renal. No hospital veterinário, foram capturados 72 animais, 22 (30,6%) caracterizados segundo a espécie Rattus rattus, sendo a maioria (66,7%) capturada no setor de pequenos animais. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre machos e fêmeas em período reprodutivo chi2=1,85; p=0,174; alfa=0,05). Houve captura de animais em todos os meses do ano, sendo que os meses janeiro (12,5%), fevereiro (15,2%), maio (15,2%) e julho (16,7%) apresentaram as maiores proporções e agosto (2,8%), setembro (4,2%) e outubro (1,4%), as menores. Não foram encontrados animais positivos para leptospirose através do teste sorológico da microaglutinação e da pesquisa histopatológica. Os gêneros capturados no fragmento de mata foram: 16 (50%) OligOryzomis sp, 11 (34,3%) Akodon sp, 3 (9,3%) Oximicterus sp, 1(3,2%) Bolomys sp, 1 (3,2%) Oryzomis sp. Também nesses não se encontrou resultado positivo na pesquisa histopatológica. A presença de Rattus rattus no hospital veterinário é explicada pela existência de locais que servem de esconderijo e de alimento disponível em quantidade e qualidade adequada a esta espécie. Estas condições predispõem à manutenção de roedores durante todo o ano e de machos e fêmeas aptos para a reprodução. A ausência de roedores com resultados positivos para leptospirose não os exime como potenciais reservatórios desta enfermidade, uma vez que o hospital veterinário, por se tratar de ambiente hospitalar, pode eventualmente abrigar espécies domésticas para tratamento que estejam eliminando a Leptospira sp pela urina. As espécies silvestres capturadas, aparentemente, não representam reservatórios da leptospirose.

RESUMEN

Rodents can transmit several diseasesto to human and other animals and cause economic damages. This study looked at rodent population in a veterinary hospital concerning the followings aspects: rodent specie, sex, reproductive period, seasonality and research for Leptospira sp. In addition, rodents from an Atlantic forest fragment were captured and examined for Leptospira sp. Infection. Both the hospital and the forest were located at Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. 72 animals were captured at the veterinary hospital, 22 (30.6%) had been characterised according to Rattus rattus species and most of them (66.7%) were captured in small animals sector. There were no significant differences between males and females in reproductive period (chi2=1.85; p=0.174; alpha=0.05). Rodents were captured all over the year. The highest percentages were observed in January (12.5%), February (15.2%), May (15.2%) and July (16.7%), and the lowest in August (2.8%), September (4.2%) and October (1.4%). There was no positive identification of animals for Leptospira sp., by microagglutination and histopathological exams. The animals from the forest were identified as wild rodents. 16 (50%) OligOryzomis sp, 11 (34.3%) Akodon sp, 3 (9.3%) Oximicterus sp, 1(3.2%) Bolomys sp, 1 (3.2%) Oryzomis sp. There weren´t either any findings of positive animals by histopathological exam. The presence of Rattus rattus in the veterinary hospital could be explained by the existence of appropriate places for hiding and food availability, in amount and quality suitable to this species. These conditions allow for the maintenance of rodents during all over the year, and of males and females ready for reproduction. At the hospital, the absence of positive results for Leptospira sp. do not exclude the potential of the rodents as reservoirs of such pathogen, since a veterinary hospital can always shelter domestic species for treatment that could be eliminating the Leptospira sp. The captured wild species apparently do not represent reservoirs of Leptospira sp.

Os roedores podem transmitir enfermidades para o ser humano e animais, além de provocar diversos prejuízos econômicos. Objetivou-se estudar a população de roedores existente em um hospital veterinário universitário e em um fragmento de mata atlântica nativa, ambos os locais localizados na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. No hospital veterinário, foram analisadas as variáveis espécies, sexo, período reprodutivo, sazonalidade, presença de Leptospira sp. em fragmento renal e anticorpos anti-Leptospira em amostras de soro; os animais silvestre foram analisados segundo a presença de Leptospira sp. em fragmento renal. No hospital veterinário, foram capturados 72 animais, 22 (30,6%) caracterizados segundo a espécie Rattus rattus, sendo a maioria (66,7%) capturada no setor de pequenos animais. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre machos e fêmeas em período reprodutivo chi2=1,85; p=0,174; alfa=0,05). Houve captura de animais em todos os meses do ano, sendo que os meses janeiro (12,5%), fevereiro (15,2%), maio (15,2%) e julho (16,7%) apresentaram as maiores proporções e agosto (2,8%), setembro (4,2%) e outubro (1,4%), as menores. Não foram encontrados animais positivos para leptospirose através do teste sorológico da microaglutinação e da pesquisa histopatológica. Os gêneros capturados no fragmento de mata foram: 16 (50%) OligOryzomis sp, 11 (34,3%) Akodon sp, 3 (9,3%) Oximicterus sp, 1(3,2%) Bolomys sp, 1 (3,2%) Oryzomis sp. Também nesses não se encontrou resultado positivo na pesquisa histopatológica. A presença de Rattus rattus no hospital veterinário é explicada pela existência de locais que servem de esconderijo e de alimento disponível em quantidade e qualidade adequada a esta espécie. Estas condições predispõem à manutenção de roedores durante todo o ano e de machos e fêmeas aptos para a reprodução. A ausência de roedores com resultados positivos para leptospirose não os exime como potenciais reservatórios desta enfermidade, uma vez que o hospital veterinário, por se tratar de ambiente hospitalar, pode eventualmente abrigar espécies domésticas para tratamento que estejam eliminando a Leptospira sp pela urina. As espécies silvestres capturadas, aparentemente, não representam reservatórios da leptospirose.

RESUMEN

Este trabalho teve como objetivos conhecer a freqüência de gastrite em suínos, bem como verificar a eventual relação entreessa patologia e úlcera gástrica e a influência da gastrite sobre a gastrinemia e sobre a densidade de células endócrinas damucosa gástrica. Para tal foram utilizados 64 suínos adultos, divididos em dois grupos: com e sem úlcera gástrica. A dosagemde gastrina foi realizada através de radioimunoensaio, enquanto a identificação das células endócrinas se fez por meio detécnicas histoquímicas (Grimelius e Masson-Fontana modificada) e imunocitoqu(niica (PAP). Os resultados demonstraramque o processo inflamatório gástrico é mais freqüente na mucosa cárdica, seguida da antral e finalmente na mucosa oxíntica.Verificou-se também que a presença de gastrite não alterou a densidade de células endócrinas e a gastrinemia em suínos. Foiainda observada a inexistência de associação entre· gastrite e úlcera gástrica.

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare clinically and histologically the use of methyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive versus the nylon's suture in skin wounds closure. There were five adult mongrel dogs and cats, clinically healthy used. Following anaesthetical routine and surgical protocol, five incisions were made in the left costal region, and other five in right costal region, about 2cm in length, in both especies. The right side costal wounds were sutured with surgical nylon 3-0, and in the left side costal wounds methyl-2-cyanoacrylate was applied, in both species. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation every three days, and a biopsy was realized at three, six, nine, twelve and fifteen days after the surgery. In both species, the results did not show any clinical or histologic difference when comparing the used treatments.

Com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar clínica e histologicamente o uso do adesivo metil-2-cianoacrilato e do fio de náilon na reparação de feridas cirúrgicas de pele, foram utilizados cinco cães e cinco gatos adultos, clinicamente sadios. Seguindo o protocolo anestésico e cirúrgico habitual para cada espécie, foram feitas cinco incisões na pele da região costal do lado esquerdo e cinco do lado direito, com aproximadamente dois centímetros de comprimento. As feridas cirúrgicas do lado direito foram suturadas com fio de náilon cirúrgico 3-0 e as do lado esquerdo foram aproximadas e fixadas com o metil-2-cianoacrilato em ambas as espécies. Os animais foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas a cada três dias. Foram retirados fragmentos de pele para realização de biopsias aos três, seis, nove, doze e quinze dias após a cirurgia. Os resultados obtidos, tanto em cães quanto em gatos, não revelaram diferença clínica ou histológica entre os tratamentos utilizados.

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare clinically and histologically the use of methyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive versus the nylon's suture in skin wounds closure. There were five adult mongrel dogs and cats, clinically healthy used. Following anaesthetical routine and surgical protocol, five incisions were made in the left costal region, and other five in right costal region, about 2cm in length, in both especies. The right side costal wounds were sutured with surgical nylon 3-0, and in the left side costal wounds methyl-2-cyanoacrylate was applied, in both species. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation every three days, and a biopsy was realized at three, six, nine, twelve and fifteen days after the surgery. In both species, the results did not show any clinical or histologic difference when comparing the used treatments.

Com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar clínica e histologicamente o uso do adesivo metil-2-cianoacrilato e do fio de náilon na reparação de feridas cirúrgicas de pele, foram utilizados cinco cães e cinco gatos adultos, clinicamente sadios. Seguindo o protocolo anestésico e cirúrgico habitual para cada espécie, foram feitas cinco incisões na pele da região costal do lado esquerdo e cinco do lado direito, com aproximadamente dois centímetros de comprimento. As feridas cirúrgicas do lado direito foram suturadas com fio de náilon cirúrgico 3-0 e as do lado esquerdo foram aproximadas e fixadas com o metil-2-cianoacrilato em ambas as espécies. Os animais foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas a cada três dias. Foram retirados fragmentos de pele para realização de biopsias aos três, seis, nove, doze e quinze dias após a cirurgia. Os resultados obtidos, tanto em cães quanto em gatos, não revelaram diferença clínica ou histológica entre os tratamentos utilizados.