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ABSTRACT: Oral pigmentations are a heterogeneous group and can be the result of physiological activity of oral mucosal melanocytes, secondary to exogenous causes, associated with systemic or local diseases, or due to proliferative activity of melanocytes. Their diagnosis is critical because these lesions can be markers of internal diseases or, in the case of melanocytic proliferative processes, they may represent a malignant neoplasm. In the past decade, the use of reflectance confocal microscopy, a noninvasive imaging tool, has aided the analysis of such lesions, but the establishment of firm criteria in their evaluation is still lacking. This study evaluated a series of 19 cases of pigmented oral lesions and correlated the reflectance confocal microscopy findings with histopathological classical criteria. We found 13 cases of melanotic macule, 1 of them associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and 2 with Laugier-Hunzinker syndrome; 1 melanocytic nevus; 2 lentigo maligna; 2 pigmented actinic cheilitis; and 1 case of postinflammatory pigmentation secondary to a lupus erythematosus oral discoid lesion. The main difference between benign and malignant lesions was the presence of atypical proliferation in lentigo maligna. Langerhans cells with thick dendritic processes, which may be present in other benign and inflammatory pigmentations is one of the main reasons for diagnostic pitfalls.

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INTRODUCTION: Cardiac rehabilitation programs reduce the risk of death and acute events related to the disease through the association of various modalities of exercise. When implemented in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs, it may allow for gradual adaptation of the skeletal muscles to greater exercise intensities. The present systematic review aimed to determine whether HIIT promoted a greater increase in exercise tolerance in comparison with continuous aerobic training in individuals with heart failure. METHODS: A systematic search for articles indexed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was carried out. The descriptors used for the search followed the description of the MeSH/DeCS terms with no language or year of publication restrictions. When possible, a meta-analysis was performed and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE scale. RESULTS: The broad search strategy resulted in 5258 titles, and a total of 7 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. A low quality of evidence was observed demonstrating that interval training is superior to continuous aerobic training for improving peak oxygen uptake, which reflects an increase in functional capacity of these individuals and moderate quality of evidence regarding improved quality of life and left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: High-intensity interval training and continuous training provide benefits for patients, however, the quality of evidence still does not allow us to indicate whether there is a superiority of HIIT over conventional continuous exercise training using the variables analyzed.

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To evaluate the necessary time and to identify the differences among anthelmintics for the reduction of parasite eggs shed in feces, five groups of cattle were treated with moxidectin, ivermectin, levamisole phosphate, and albendazole sulphoxide. Levamisole promoted a reduction in egg count per gram (EPG-R) of 97.4% after 24 hours, moxidectin 98.3% after 36 hours, and albendazole sulphoxide 95.9% after 36 hours post- treatment. Cooperia spp. and Haemonchus spp. showed resistance to ivermectin. The results demonstrated that the diagnosis of parasite resistance in cattle can be based on a count of eggs per gram (EPG) carried out as soon as seven days after the treatment.

No intuito de avaliar o tempo necessário para redução dos valores de OPG visando identificar o início de atuação dos anti-helmínticos, cinco grupos de novilhos, naturalmente infectados por nematódeos gastrintestinais foram tratados com moxidectina, ivermectina, fosfato de levamisol e sulfóxido de albendazol. O levamisol promoveu redução no número de ovos de nematódeos eliminados nas fezes (R-OPG) de 97,4% 24 horas após a aplicação, a moxidectina de 98,3% após 36 horas, e o sulfóxido de albendazol de 95,9% após 36 horas. Foi registrada a presença de Cooperia spp. e Haemonchus spp. com resistência a ivermectina. A contagem de OPG realizada aos sete dias pós-tratamento apresentou resultados similares aos obtidos nas contagens realizadas 10 e 14 dias após a aplicação dos anti-helmínticos avaliados, demonstrando que o intervalo adequado entre o tratamento anti-helmíntico e o exame para verificar a redução do OPG pode ser de 7 dias.