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The aim of this study is to analyze the waterborne metal levels in four lakes (one endorheic and three exorheic) of Harmony Point, Nelson Island, Antarctica. Water samples were analyzed by using a quadrupole type inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The levels of As, Cu, Mn, Mo, and V were significantly lower and those of Cr, Mg, Na, and Sr were significantly higher in the endorheic lake than in the other lakes. Most water samples presented levels of Ag, Be, Cd, Pb, Se, Tl, and U below the limit of quantification, while for Ba, Co, and Ni around half of the samples were below this limit. The waterborne metal levels were not significantly different between the exorheic lakes. Waterborne metal levels in the freshwater lakes from Harmony Point did not show any clear relationship with their levels in the soil of the region or with bird guano, and overall, their levels indicate an environment without anthropogenic influence. Apparently, the Na levels are influenced by salt spray from the ocean, as they are related to the distance of the lakes from the ocean.

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This article aims to analyze the dynamics of freezing and thawing of Antarctic lakes located in ice-free areas on Nelson Island and Fildes Peninsula, where response to changes in air temperature and precipitation rates occur rapidly, during the period from July 2016 to December 2018. In these places, which are difficult to access, remote sensing is an important alternative, especially considering the use of active remote sensors such as the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which has less restriction regarding the presence of clouds over the study area. Three backscatter thresholds were defined (σ) for the identification of the physical state of the water of the lakes of the study region, applied in Sentinel 1A SAR (S1A) images under Horizontal Horizontal (HH) polarization and Interferometric Wide (IW) imaging mode. These images, along with the air temperature data obtained by the Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) atmospheric reanalysis model, provided the evidence for the interpretation of the freezing and thawing periods of the lakes. The thresholds applied for the definition of the physical state of the lake water were greater than - 14 dB for frozen water, between - 14 and - 17 dB for the surface, with up to 60% of their frozen area, and less than - 17 dB for open water. The temporal analysis revealed that the lakes start to thaw in October, become completely thawed in February, and freeze again in March. Nevertheless, it can be said that the S1A satellite allows a satisfactory identification of the liquid and solid phases of the water in the lakes of the study region.

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Reservoirs are important in Brazil for the production of hydroelectric power and human water consumption. The objective was to evaluate the variability of total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll-a as well as the rainfall/temperature and land use impacts on these optically active constituents (OAC). The study area is the Passo Real reservoir in south Brazil. The methodology was divided in four steps. First, we used wavelet to detect anomalous periods of rainfall and temperature (2002-2014). Second, we carried out 12 field campaigns to obtain in situ measurements for limnological characterization (2009-2010). The third step was the analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra and Aqua satellites data corrected and non-corrected for bidirectional effects. Finally, we evaluated potential drivers of OAC changes over time using cross-correlation analysis. The results showed a decrease in the TSS and chlorophyll-a concentrations from the upper to the lower streams of the reservoir. The exponential regression between the MODIS red reflectance and TSS had an adjusted r2 of 0.63. It decreased to 0.53 for the relationship between the green reflectance and chlorophyll-a. MODIS data corrected for bidirectional effects provided better OAC estimates than non-corrected data. The validation of MODIS TSS and chlorophyll-a estimates using a separate set of measurements showed a RMSE of 2.98mg/l and 2.33µg/l, respectively. MODIS estimates indicated a gradual transition in OAC from the upper to the lower streams in agreement with the patterns observed using field limnological data. The analysis of land use (greenness) showed two well-defined crop cycles per year. The highest seasonal concentrations of TSS and chlorophyll-a were observed in December and the lowest concentrations in April. Despite the interrelationships between both factors, our cross-correlation analysis indicated that the great concentrations of TSS and chlorophyll-a were primarily controlled by rainfall and secondarily by land use.

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In this study we verified data of water temperatures collected by CORSAN-RS from 1996 to 2004 in several cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and analyzed the possibility of raising the most cultivated fish species in Brazil. The water temperature from 1996 to 2004 was 16 to 28ºC in summer, 17 to 23ºC in fall, 14 to 17ºC (down to 9ºC in the coldest months) in winter and 14 to 21ºC in spring. Native species of this state, such as silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dorado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), as well as carps (family Cyprinidae), are resistant to the low winter temperatures. These species have a lower growth rate in coldest months (winter/spring) but a good development in warmer months (summer/fall), reaching a satisfactory performance throughout the year. In the periods of more intense cold, mortality of some introduced species, such as surubim from Amazon Basin (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) may occur. In addition, as most tropical species have a thermal range for growth and reproduction between 20 to 28ºC, some species may have poor development even in fall. Therefore, water temperature in this state should be considered in the choice of fish species to be cultivated.

Neste estudo verificaram-se dados de temperaturas de água coletados pela CORSAN-RS de 1996 a 2004, em várias cidades do estado do Rio Grande Sul, sul do Brasil, e analisou-se a possibilidade de criação das principais espécies de peixe cultivadas no Brasil. A temperatura da água de 1996 a 2004 foi de 16 a 28ºC no verão, de 17 a 25ºC no outono, 14 a 17ºC (chegando a 9ºC nos meses mais frios) no inverno e 14 a 21ºC na primavera. Espécies nativas deste estado, como o jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), assim como as carpas (família Cyprinidae), são resistentes às baixas temperaturas do inverno. Estas espécies apresentam uma menor taxa de crescimento nos meses mais frios (inverno/primavera), mas um bom desenvolvimento em meses mais quentes (verão/outono), alcançando um desempenho satisfatório durante o ano. Nos períodos de frios mais intensos pode ocorrer uma intensa mortalidade de algumas espécies introduzidas, como o surubim da Bacia Amazônica (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus). Além disso, como a maioria das espécies tropicais apresenta sua faixa térmica para crescimento e reprodução entre 20 a 28ºC, algumas espécies podem ter um baixo desenvolvimento também no outono. Portanto, a temperatura da água deste estado deve ser considerada na escolha das espécies de peixes a serem cultivadas.

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RESUMEN

In this study we verified data of water temperatures collected by CORSAN-RS from 1996 to 2004 in several cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and analyzed the possibility of raising the most cultivated fish species in Brazil. The water temperature from 1996 to 2004 was 16 to 28ºC in summer, 17 to 23ºC in fall, 14 to 17ºC (down to 9ºC in the coldest months) in winter and 14 to 21ºC in spring. Native species of this state, such as silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dorado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), as well as carps (family Cyprinidae), are resistant to the low winter temperatures. These species have a lower growth rate in coldest months (winter/spring) but a good development in warmer months (summer/fall), reaching a satisfactory performance throughout the year. In the periods of more intense cold, mortality of some introduced species, such as surubim from Amazon Basin (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) may occur. In addition, as most tropical species have a thermal range for growth and reproduction between 20 to 28ºC, some species may have poor development even in fall. Therefore, water temperature in this state should be considered in the choice of fish species to be cultivated.(AU)

Neste estudo verificaram-se dados de temperaturas de água coletados pela CORSAN-RS de 1996 a 2004, em várias cidades do estado do Rio Grande Sul, sul do Brasil, e analisou-se a possibilidade de criação das principais espécies de peixe cultivadas no Brasil. A temperatura da água de 1996 a 2004 foi de 16 a 28ºC no verão, de 17 a 25ºC no outono, 14 a 17ºC (chegando a 9ºC nos meses mais frios) no inverno e 14 a 21ºC na primavera. Espécies nativas deste estado, como o jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), assim como as carpas (família Cyprinidae), são resistentes às baixas temperaturas do inverno. Estas espécies apresentam uma menor taxa de crescimento nos meses mais frios (inverno/primavera), mas um bom desenvolvimento em meses mais quentes (verão/outono), alcançando um desempenho satisfatório durante o ano. Nos períodos de frios mais intensos pode ocorrer uma intensa mortalidade de algumas espécies introduzidas, como o surubim da Bacia Amazônica (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus). Além disso, como a maioria das espécies tropicais apresenta sua faixa térmica para crescimento e reprodução entre 20 a 28ºC, algumas espécies podem ter um baixo desenvolvimento também no outono. Portanto, a temperatura da água deste estado deve ser considerada na escolha das espécies de peixes a serem cultivadas.(AU)

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A técnica de análise derivativa de dados espectrais foi usada para estudar a variação dos constituintes opticamente ativos (COAs) na água, por meio de dados de campo e de imagens do sensor orbital Hyperion/EO-1. A imagem Hyperion usada neste estudo foi adquirida no dia 23 de junho de 2005, no final do período de cheia. Uma campanha de campo foi realizada entre 23 e 29 de junho de 2005, para coletar dados espectrais e limnológicos in situ. A imagem foi pré-processada visando eliminar faixas de pixels anômalos e convertida de valores de radiância para reflectância de superfície, portanto, corrigidos dos efeitos de absorção e espalhamento atmosféricos. Uma análise da correlação foi realizada para examinar a associação da reflectância e de sua primeira derivada espectral com as concentrações dos COAs. Melhores resultados foram obtidos após a diferenciação dos espectros, o que ajudou a reduzir a influência de efeitos indesejáveis, provindos de diferentes fontes de radiância, sobre as medidas de reflectância da superfície da água realizadas em ambos os níveis de aquisição de dados. Por meio de ajustes de regressões empíricas, considerando o conjunto de dados Hyperion, a primeira derivada espectral em 711 nm explicou 86 por cento da variação da concentração de sedimentos inorgânicos em suspensão (µg.l-1) e a primeira derivada espectral em 691 nm explicou 73 por cento da variação na concentração da clorofila-alfa (µg.l-1). As relações de regressão foram não-lineares, pois, em geral, as águas que se misturam na planície de inundação Amazônica se tornam opticamente complexas. A técnica de análise derivativa hiperespectral demonstrou potenciais para mapear a composição dessas águas.

Derivative analysis of spectral data was used as a technique to study the variation of optically active constituents (OACs) of water, using field data and hyperspectral imagery of EO-1 Hyperion orbital sensor. The Hyperion image used in this study was acquired on June 23, 2005, at the end of the high water period for the Amazon River. A field campaign was carried out between June 23 and 29, 2005 to collect spectral and limnological in situ data. The image was pre-processed to remove stripes of abnormal pixels and converted from radiance to surface reflectance values, thus, correcting the effects of atmospheric absorption and scattering. A correlation analysis was carried out to examine the association of the spectral reflectance and its first derivative to the concentrations of OACs. Better results were obtained after spectra differentiation, which helped to reduce the influence of undesirable effects, coming from different sources of radiance, on the measurements of water surface reflectance taken at both data acquisition levels. Through empirical regression fits, considering the Hyperion dataset, the first spectral derivative at 711 nm explained 86 percent of the variation of suspended inorganic sediment concentration (µg.l-1), and the first derivative at 691 nm explained 73 percent of the variation of chlorophyll-a concentration (µg.l-1). The regression relations were nonlinear because, generally, the water masses that mix in the Amazon floodplain become optically complex. The hyperspectral derivative analysis demonstrated potential for mapping the composition of these waters.

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RESUMEN

Derivative analysis of spectral data was used as a technique to study the variation of optically active constituents (OACs) of water, using field data and hyperspectral imagery of EO-1 Hyperion orbital sensor. The Hyperion image used in this study was acquired on June 23, 2005, at the end of the high water period for the Amazon River. A field campaign was carried out between June 23 and 29, 2005 to collect spectral and limnological in situ data. The image was pre-processed to remove stripes of abnormal pixels and converted from radiance to surface reflectance values, thus, correcting the effects of atmospheric absorption and scattering. A correlation analysis was carried out to examine the association of the spectral reflectance and its first derivative to the concentrations of OACs. Better results were obtained after spectra differentiation, which helped to reduce the influence of undesirable effects, coming from different sources of radiance, on the measurements of water surface reflectance taken at both data acquisition levels. Through empirical regression fits, considering the Hyperion dataset, the first spectral derivative at 711 nm explained 86% of the variation of suspended inorganic sediment concentration (µg.l-1), and the first derivative at 691 nm explained 73% of the variation of chlorophyll-a concentration (µg.l-1). The regression relations were nonlinear because, generally, the water masses that mix in the Amazon floodplain become optically complex. The hyperspectral derivative analysis demonstrated potential for mapping the composition of these waters.

A técnica de análise derivativa de dados espectrais foi usada para estudar a variação dos constituintes opticamente ativos (COAs) na água, por meio de dados de campo e de imagens do sensor orbital Hyperion/EO-1. A imagem Hyperion usada neste estudo foi adquirida no dia 23 de junho de 2005, no final do período de cheia. Uma campanha de campo foi realizada entre 23 e 29 de junho de 2005, para coletar dados espectrais e limnológicos in situ. A imagem foi pré-processada visando eliminar faixas de pixels anômalos e convertida de valores de radiância para reflectância de superfície, portanto, corrigidos dos efeitos de absorção e espalhamento atmosféricos. Uma análise da correlação foi realizada para examinar a associação da reflectância e de sua primeira derivada espectral com as concentrações dos COAs. Melhores resultados foram obtidos após a diferenciação dos espectros, o que ajudou a reduzir a influência de efeitos indesejáveis, provindos de diferentes fontes de radiância, sobre as medidas de reflectância da superfície da água realizadas em ambos os níveis de aquisição de dados. Por meio de ajustes de regressões empíricas, considerando o conjunto de dados Hyperion, a primeira derivada espectral em 711 nm explicou 86% da variação da concentração de sedimentos inorgânicos em suspensão (µg.l-1) e a primeira derivada espectral em 691 nm explicou 73% da variação na concentração da clorofila-alfa (µg.l-1). As relações de regressão foram não-lineares, pois, em geral, as águas que se misturam na planície de inundação Amazônica se tornam opticamente complexas. A técnica de análise derivativa hiperespectral demonstrou potenciais para mapear a composição dessas águas.