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INTRODUCTION: open tibial fractures are challenging due to the frequent severe bone injury associated with poor soft tissue conditions. This is relevant in low- and middle-income countries, mainly related to delayed definitive fixation and lack of adequate training in soft tissue coverage procedures. Due to these factors, open tibial fracture is an important source of disability for Latin American countries. Herein we sought to provide an epidemiological overview of isolated open tibial shaft fracture across seven hospitals in southern cone of Latin America. The secondary goal was to assess the impact on quality of life based on return-to-work rate (RWR). METHODS: patients with an isolated open tibial shaft fracture treated in seven different hospitals from Brazil and Argentina from November 2017 to March 2020 were included in the study. Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated throughout the 120-day follow-up period. Final evaluation compared RWR with the SF-12 questionnaire, bone healing, and gait status. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were treated, 57 followed for 120 days and 48 completed the SF-12 questionnaire. After 120 days, 70.6% had returned to work, 61.4% had experienced bone healing. Age, antibiotic therapy, type of definitive treatment, and infection significantly influenced the RWR. Gait status exhibited strong correlations with RWR and SF-12 physical component score. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated open tibial shaft fractures are potentially harmful to the patient's quality of life after 120 days of the initial management. RWR is significantly higher for younger patients, no history of infection, and those who could run in the gait status assessment.

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In this work, we introduce an extension of the study of the first law of thermodynamics of black holes based on the geometry of the extended phase space for AdS Lovelock gravities, which includes changes in scales. As expected, the result obtained coincides with the previously known four-dimensional case. For higher dimensions, the result is the rise of two new contributions to the first law of thermodynamics. The first term corresponds to corrections of the usual definition of thermodynamic volumes at the horizon due to the presence of the higher curvature terms. The second term arises in odd dimensions, comes from the asymptotic region, and corresponds to a scale transformation of the form ∝δ^ln(l/ℓ), with l the AdS radius and ℓ a parameter. A particularly interesting case corresponds to the Chern Simons gravity where the change scale does not generate a contribution at the asymptotic region, likely due to the Chern Simons AdS local symmetry.

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BACKGROUND: Due to social and geographical isolation, indigenous people are more vulnerable to adverse conditions; however, there is a lack of data on the epidemics' impact on these populations. Thus, this article's objective was to describe the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in indigenous communities in Brazil. METHODS: This descriptive observational study was carried out in indigenous communities in the municipality of Amaturá (Amazonas, Brazil). Individuals from the Alto Rio Solimões Special Indigenous Sanitary District (DSEI) who met the Sars-Cov-2 infection case definitions during the period between January and August 2020 were included. For case notification, the definitions adopted by the Ministry of Health of Brazil and by the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health were considered. RESULTS: Out of the entire population served by the Alto Rio Solimões DSEI (n = 2890), 109 indigenous people were suspected of having been infected with Sars-Cov-R during the study period; a total of 89 cases were actually confirmed (rate: 3.08 cases/100,000 inhabitants). Most patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were female (56.2%), with a mean age of 32.4 (± 23.6) years. Predominant symptoms were fever (76.4%), dry cough (64%), and headache (60.7%). Complications occurred in 7.9% of the patients; no deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: These results enhance the observation that indigenous populations, even if relatively isolated, are exposed to COVID-19. The disease cases assessed showed a favorable evolution, which does not mean reducing the need for caring of this population.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: open tibial fractures are challenging due to the frequent severe bone injury associated with poor soft tissue conditions. This is relevant in low- and middle-income countries, mainly related to delayed definitive fixation and lack of adequate training in soft tissue coverage procedures. Due to these factors, open tibial fracture is an important source of disability for Latin American countries. Herein we sought to provide an epidemiological overview of isolated open tibial shaft fracture across seven hospitals in southern cone of Latin America. The secondary goal was to assess the impact on quality of life based on return-to-work rate (RWR). Methods: patients with an isolated open tibial shaft fracture treated in seven different hospitals from Brazil and Argentina from November 2017 to March 2020 were included in the study. Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated throughout the 120-day follow-up period. Final evaluation compared RWR with the SF-12 questionnaire, bone healing, and gait status. Results: Seventy-two patients were treated, 57 followed for 120 days and 48 completed the SF-12 questionnaire. After 120 days, 70.6% had returned to work, 61.4% had experienced bone healing. Age, antibiotic therapy, type of definitive treatment, and infection significantly influenced the RWR. Gait status exhibited strong correlations with RWR and SF-12 physical component score. Conclusions: Isolated open tibial shaft fractures are potentially harmful to the patient's quality of life after 120 days of the initial management. RWR is significantly higher for younger patients, no history of infection, and those who could run in the gait status assessment.

RESUMO Introdução: o tratamento de fraturas expostas isoladas da diáfise da tíbia (FEIDT) apresenta desafios por frequentemente associar severa lesão óssea com condições ruins de tecido mole, fatores relevantes em países de média e baixa renda, especialmente devido a atrasos na implementação da fixação definitiva e falta de treinamento adequado no manejo de tecidos moles. Consequentemente, FEIDTs representam importante fonte de incapacitação na América Latina. Este estudo objetivou apresentar uma visão geral das FEIDTs em sete hospitais do cone sul da América Latina. O objetivo secundário foi avaliar o seu impacto na qualidade de vida baseado na taxa de retorno ao trabalho (TRT). Métodos: foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com FEIDT tratados em sete hospitais de Brasil e Argentina entre novembro de 2017 e março de 2020. Resultados clínicos e radiográficos foram analisados num período de 120 dias. Avaliação final comparou TRT com o questionário SF-12, consolidação óssea e condições de marcha. Resultados: setenta e dois pacientes foram tratados, 57 seguidos por 120 dias e 48 completaram o questionário SF-12. Após 120 dias, 70,6% havia retornado ao trabalho, 61,4% tinha fratura consolidada. Idade, antibioticoterapia, tipo de tratamento definitivo e infecção influenciaram significativamente na TRT. A condição de marcha apresentou forte correlação com TRT e o componente físico do SF-12. Conclusão: FEIDTs são potencialmente deletérias à qualidade de vida dos pacientes 120 dias após o tratamento inicial. TRT é significativamente maior para pacientes mais jovens, sem história de infecção e que conseguem correr na avaliação da condição de marcha..

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Introdução: A Política Nacional de Medicamentos e a Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica devem ser compreendidas como norteadoras para a formulação de políticas setoriais. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a compreensão das Políticas Públicas de medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde por estudantes de medicina de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, que utilizou como instrumento para a coleta de dados um questionário autoaplicável, semiestruturado, composto por 16 questões. Tal questionário foi adaptado a partir da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - PNAUM. A população de estudo foram 30 acadêmicos do curso de medicina. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de análise estatística descritiva, por meio da determinação de média, desvio padrão, frequência absoluta e relativa. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram fragilidade no tocante à compreensão das políticas públicas de medicamentos pelos participantes, sendo entendida de uma forma reducionista como a simples disponibilização de medicamentos pelo governo, em sua maioria. Conclusão: Faltam ainda, entendimentos sobre as formas de seleção e acesso a medicamentos, bem como da sua importância para a garantia da efetividade das ações de assistência farmacêutica no SUS.

Introduction: The National Medicines Policy and the National Pharmaceutical Assistance Policy should be understood as guidelines for the formulation of sectoral policies. This study aimed to analyze the understanding of Public Policies on medicines in the Unified Health System (SUS) by medical students in Santa Catarina. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which used a self-administered, semi-structured 16-question questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This questionnaire was adapted from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM). The study population was 30 medical students. Descriptive statistical analysis tools were used, through the determination of mean, standard deviation, and absolute and relative frequency. Results: The results showed fragility regarding the understanding of public policies for medicines by the participants, being understood for the most part in a reductionist way as the simple provision of medicines by the government. Conclusion: There is still a lack of understanding about the forms of selection and access to medicines, as well as their importance to guarantee the effectiveness of pharmaceutical assistance actions in the SUS.

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RESUMO Introdução: A co-ocorrência entre o abuso de substâncias químicas e o transtorno depressivo é reconhecida cada vez mais como um problema de saúde pública em âmbito mundial. Objetivos: compreender a problemática da depressão no dependente químico segundo uma análise da literatura nacional e internacional. Método: realizou-se uma revisão de artigos científicos publicados nas seguintes plataformas de pesquisa: Portal de Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC), Cochrane Collaboration e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Resultados: foram encontrados 83 estudos relacionados aos descritores utilizados, sendo que após a primeira e segunda análise de adequação aos objetivos da revisão restaram oito. Os resultados evidenciaram que a prevalência de transtornos depressivos nos dependentes químicos teve uma média de 21,27%. O método diagnóstico utilizado com maior frequência foi o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (30%). Conclusões: Constatou-se que a prevalência de transtornos depressivos em dependentes químicos é de aproximadamente três vezes o da população em geral. Verificou-se que as "avaliações rápidas" como os instrumentos MINI e Inventário de depressão de Beck foram os mais utilizados para realização do diagnóstico de depressão na pessoa com dependência química. PALAVRA-CHAVE: Depressão, dependência química, alcoolismo

ABSTRACT Introduction: The co-occurrence between substance abuse and depressive disorder is increasingly recognized as a public health problem worldwide. Objectives: To understand the problem of depression in drug addicts according to an analysis of national and international literature. Method: A review of scientific articles published in the following research platforms was carried out: Psychology Electronic Journal Portal (PePSIC), Cochrane Collaboration, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Results: Eighty-three studies related to the keywords used were found, and after the first and second analysis of adequacy to the review objectives, eight remained. The results showed that the prevalence of depressive disorders in drug addicts had an average of 21.27%. The most frequently used diagnostic method was the Beck Depression Inventory (30%). Conclusions: It was found that the prevalence of depressive disorders in drug addicts is approximately three times that of the general population. It was found that "quick assessments" such as the MINI and the Beck Depression Inventory were the most used to diagnose depression in people with drug addiction. KEYWORDS: Depression, drug addiction, alcoholism

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Introduction: The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) among indigenous communities is an appalling issue related to Brazilian public health, as there is an increasing underreporting and neglect related to the study and care of these people. Objective: To determine the prevalence of STI in the indigenous population of the Alto Rio Solimões. Methods: STI diagnostic records from the database of the Indigenous Health Care Information System - SIASI, of the indigenous communities of the Alto Rio Solimões, belonging to the Nova Itália base, in Amazonas, were evaluated during the period from January 2010 to August 2020. Sociodemographic data were also evaluated to determine the profile of the diagnosed indigenous population and the geographical and temporal distribution of cases. Results: The overall prevalence rate of STIs was 3.91% (113 notifications of STI in the population of 2890 indigenous people). The largest number of diagnosed cases was in Nova Itália (60.17%). The ethnic group with the highest number of cases was Tikuna (92.03%). Among the STI studied, gonorrhea / chlamydia had the highest prevalence (68.14%), followed by Hepatitis B (13.27%) and Syphilis (10.61%). Most cases were found among women (71.7%), aged 30­34 years. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of STIs was observed in indigenous women, mainly from the Nova Itália town and the Tikuna ethnic group.

Introdução: A prevalência das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) entre comunidades indígenas é um tema consternador relacionado à saúde pública brasileira, pois há crescente subnotificação e negligência relacionada ao estudo e ao cuidado desses povos. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de IST na população indígena do Alto Rio Solimões. Métodos: Foram avaliados os registros diagnósticos de IST da base de dados do Sistema de Informação da Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SIASI), das comunidades indígenas do Alto Rio Solimões, pertencentes ao polo-base de Nova Itália, no Amazonas, durante o período de janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2020. Também foram avaliados dados sociodemográficos para determinação do perfil da população indígena diagnosticada e a distribuição geográfica e temporal dos casos. Resultados: A taxa de prevalência geral de IST foi de 3,91% (113 notificações de IST na população de 2.890 indígenas). O maior número de casos diagnosticados foi em Nova Itália (60,17%). A etnia com maiores números de casos foi a Tikuna (92,03%). Entre as IST estudadas, gonorreia/clamídia tiveram a maior prevalência (68,14%), seguidas por hepatite B (13,27%) e sífilis (10,61%). A maioria dos casos ocorreu entre mulheres (71,7%) e na faixa de 30­34 anos. Conclusão: Observou-se maior prevalência de IST em mulheres indígenas, principalmente do município de Nova Itália e da etnia Tikuna

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RESUMO Introdução: No Brasil, o suicídio não atinge apenas as populações urbanas, mas se estende aos rincões culturais mais longínquos do país, como as populações quilombolas, ribeirinhas, do campo e indígenas das mais diversas etnias. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar dados sobre a mortalidade e os fatores associados ao suicídio em indígenas da região amazônica brasileira. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura, em bases de dados eletrônicas em artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2019. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência do suicídio entre indígenas é de aproximadamente 22,83%, e atinge principalmente homens (73,3%), jovens (47,7%), solteiros (79.5%) e que utilizam bebidas alcoólicas. Também observou-se que o local escolhido de preferência para a prática do suicídio é a própria residência (80,3%) e o enforcamento o método mais utilizado (85,5%). Conclusão: A população indígena apresenta prevalência de suicídio quatro vezes maior do que a população residente em área urbana. Sugere-se a realização de investigações sociais in loco nas aldeias como meio de obter maior compreensão sobre o fenômeno suicídio em indígenas. PALAVRA-CHAVE: indígenas, suicídio, amazônia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Brazil, suicide does not only affect urban populations, but extends to the most distant cultural corners of the country, such as quilombola, riverside, rural and indigenous populations of the most diverse ethnic groups. The aim of this article was to present data on mortality and factors associated with suicide in indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon region. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out in electronic databases of articles published between 2000 and 2019. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of suicide among indigenous people is approximately 22.83%, and affects mainly men (73.3 %), young people (47.7%), single (79.5%) and who use alcoholic beverages. It was also observed that the preferred location for committing suicide is the residence itself (80.3%), and hanging the most used method (85.5%). Conclusion: The indigenous population has a 4-fold higher suicide prevalence than the population residing in urban areas. It is suggested that social investigations be carried out in the villages as a means to better understand the phenomenon of suicide in indigenous peoples. KEYWORDS: indigenous, suicide, amazon.

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OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência do Transtorno Depressivo Maior em pessoas com dependência química. MÉTODO: estudo transversal com a aplicação da entrevista estruturada para os transtornos do DSM-V em 183 indivíduos internados em comunidades terapêuticas de acolhimento para dependentes químicos, localizadas no sul de Santa Catarina, durante o de ano de 2019. RESULTADOS: todos os participantes não realizaram consulta psiquiátrica ao ingressar na instituição e a maioria não realizou consulta psiquiátrica regular (94,5%). Constatou-se que 89 participantes (55,3%) possuíam critérios diagnósticos para o Transtorno Depressivo Maior e 59,1% destes possuíam adicção ao álcool (p<0,028). CONCLUSÃO: o diagnóstico do transtorno depressivo deve-se consolidar como uma variável importante para a eficácia do tratamento, visto que sua prevalência é elevada e possui repercussões sobre a qualidade do tratamento e tempo de institucionalização.

OBJECTIVE: to verify the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in people with chemical dependence. METHOD: cross-sectional study with the application of the structured interview for the DSM-V disorders in 183 individuals admitted to therapeutic communities for chemical dependents, located in the south of Santa Catarina, during the year 2019. RESULTS: All participants did not have a psychiatric consultation when entering the institution and the majority did not have a regular psychiatric consultation (94.5%). It was found that 89 participants (55.3%) had diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and 59.1% of these had alcohol addiction (p<0.028). CONCLUSION: the diagnosis of depressive disorder should be consolidated as an important variable for the effectiveness of treatment, since its prevalence is high and has repercussions on the quality of treatment and time of institutionalization.

OBJECTIVO: verificar la prevalencia del transtorno depressivo major en personas con adicción. METODO: estudio transversal con aplicación de la entrevista estructurada para los transtornos del DSM-V en 183 personas internadas en comunides de tratamiento de adicción en el departamento de Santa Catarina durante el ano de 2019. RESULTADOS: la totalidad de los pacientes no realizaron cita con psiquiatra al ingressar en las instituiciones y la mayoria no realiza visitas regulares al psiquiatra (94,5%). Se observó que 89 participantes (55,3%) tenian critérios diagnósticos para depressión y 59,1% de ellos eram adictos al álcohol (p<0,028). CONCLUSIÓN: el diagnóstico del transtorno depressivo debe consolidarse como una variable importante para la eficácia del tratamiento, pues su prevalencia es elevada y pose repercursiones sobre la calidad del tratamiento y el tiempo de permanencia en las comunidades.

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The study of early parental competences is relevant because such competences are related to children's development; however, most studies have considered competences using a variable-centered approach in which each parental competence is examined in isolation. This paper approaches these competences using a person-centered approach, generating profiles that combine different competences in Chilean mothers assessed when their children were aged 12 months and again at 30 months. The aim of this study was to generate and compare these profiles and to analyze the associations of these profiles with children's language and socioemotional skills. Mother-child interactions in the contexts of storytelling and free play were videotaped at two different times. Ninety mother-child dyads were assessed using the Adult Sensitivity Scale (E.S.A.), the Evaluation of the Mentalization of Significant Caregivers, the Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), Bayley's language scale and the Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS). Profiles of mothers' behaviors were identified through person-centered within-group analyses of six aspects: sensitivity, mentalization, affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching. Cluster analyses yielded three similar profiles for mothers at both ages: highly competent, average competent, and poorly competent. The mothers' profiles were related to maternal age, socioeconomic status (SES) and educational level, and the mothers improved their profiles at the 30-month assessment. The mothers' profiles were related to children's language and socioemotional outcomes at both ages. These results and their applicability to promotion and intervention programs are discussed.

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RESUMO O estudo teve por objetivo identificar o interesse, a concordância e o conhecimento dos médicos atuantes no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município de Tubarão (SC) em relação às práticas da Medicina Integrativa e sua política nacional de inclusão ao sistema de saúde. Foi realizado estudo transversal, em amostra do tipo censo, composta por um total de 230 profissionais. A maioria dos médicos investigados referiu desconhecer a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (85,5%) e negou possuir interesse pelas suas modalidades terapêuticas (53,3%). Ainda assim, um número significativo deles referiu querer conhecer mais sobre as práticas (43%) e concordar com a inclusão delas no SUS (80,2%), sendo que 48,8% concordam somente com a inclusão de algumas práticas. O uso próprio ou de familiares influenciou no conhecimento e, com isso, na recomendação de uso aos pacientes.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify the interest, agreement and knowledge of the doctors working in the Unified Health System (SUS) in the city of Tubarão (SC) regarding the practices of Integrative Medicine and their national policy of inclusion in the health system. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a census-type sample composed of a total of 230 professionals. Most investigated doctors reported not knowing the national policy of integrative and complementary practices (85.5%) and denied having interest in their therapeutic modalities (53.3%). Even so, a significant number of them reported wanting to know more about the practices (43%) and agreeing to include them in the SUS (80.2%), and 48.8% agree only with the inclusion of some practices. The use of one's own or family members influenced the knowledge and, therefore, the recommendation of use to the patients.

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RESUMO Relata-se a experiência dos membros da Liga Acadêmica de Anatomia Aplicada (LAA) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Uerj), sejam eles ligantes, gestores ou orientadores. A motivação para esse trabalho reside no desejo de apontar a importância dessas organizações estudantis e seu impacto sobre os alunos, considerando o recente crescimento e criação de diversas ligas. O modelo tradicional de ensino praticado pela maioria das academias no Brasil, caracterizado por uma relação vertical entre professores e alunos, justifica, ao menos em parte, a limitação criativa dos alunos, e consequentemente, dos futuros profissionais. É nesse panorama que as ligas acadêmicas são necessárias, buscando aguçar o espírito crítico dos alunos e tornar palpáveis os assuntos contemplados pela grade curricular tradicional, que, devido aos cronogramas e horários extenuantes, permanecem abstratos e pouco atrativos, contribuindo para a desmotivação e quebra de expectativa dos alunos ingressantes. Nesse sentido, também se busca atender às demandas dos novos acadêmicos, ansiosos pela aplicação prática do conteúdo abordado no ciclo básico. Todas as atividades precisam ser bem organizadas para que atinjam seus objetivos. Assim, os orientadores devem garantir a supervisão, os gestores devem ser bem selecionados, e a divisão de tarefas deve ser efetiva, de modo a conquistar o engajamento dos ligantes. Todo esse trabalho, seja para a produção de conteúdos científicos, seja para a composição de palestras, cursos ou simpósios, influencia diretamente o modo de pensar de cada parte envolvida. Junto a todo o processo descrito, a base para desenvolver as atividades consiste no tripé ensino-pesquisa-extensão, que complementa a aprendizagem, desenvolve a investigação e contribui para a disseminação dos saberes acadêmicos e o cumprimento do dever social. Neste trabalho, é possível entender o impacto que uma liga tem na formação dos estudantes de Medicina e no constante estímulo à atualização do docente. Assim, foram recolhidos depoimentos e aplicados questionários que ratificam a importância da liga no crescimento tanto pessoal, quanto profissional, nas diversas esferas, e como essas atividades extracurriculares têm se mostrado benéficas na aquisição de novas experiências para discentes e docentes.

ABSTRACT This article reports on the experience of members of the Academic League of Applied Anatomy, in Portuguese "Liga de Anatomia Aplicada (LAA)" of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Uerj), whether listeners, organizers or advisers. The motivation behind this article consists in the desire to address the importance of academic organizations and their impact on students, considering the recent growth and inauguration of various leagues. The traditional model of education, practiced in the majority of Brazilian, is characterized by a vertical relationship between the teacher and the students. This view partly the creative limitation imposed on the students and on future professionals. Therefore, Academic Leagues are necessary, as a means of improving, students' critical thinking and solidifying a subject that has already been taught in the curricula but that, due to exhausting schedules and rigid time frames, remains abstract and unappealing to the students, resulting in a lack of motivation and disappointed expectations. The league seeks to meet the demands of recently enrolled students, eager to apply in practice subjects still only seen in theory during the basic cycle of school. However, all the activities need to be well organized if they are to achieve their goals. Teachers must ensure supervision, the league's board of directors must be well-selected, and the division of tasks must be effective, in order to ensure the engagement of all the participants. All this work, whether for the production of scientific content, planning of lectures, courses or symposia, directly impacts the thought processes of all those involved. Alongside the whole process described, the basis of all this evolution is the teaching, research and extension activities, which complement the learning; develop research, and contribute to the dissemination of academic knowledge and the fulfillment of social duty. This paper shows the impact that a league has on the formation of medical students and on the constant encouragement for teachers to update their skills. Therefore, statements were collected and questionnaires conducted, to confirm the importance of the League for personal and professional growth in various spheres, and show how these extracurricular activities have proven to be beneficial in enabling students and teachers to acquire new experiences.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of the Uruguayan healthy snacking initiative in primary and secondary schools in the capital, and to explore the factors underlying compliance from the perspective of school principals. DESIGN: A mixed-method approach was used, which included semi-structured interviews with school principals and a survey of the foods and beverages sold and advertised in the schools. SETTING: Primary and secondary schools in Montevideo (the capital city of Uruguay). PARTICIPANTS: School principals. RESULTS: The great majority of the schools did not comply with the initiative. Exhibition of non-recommended products was the main cause for non-compliance, followed by advertising of non-recommended products through promotional activities of food and beverage companies. Although school principals were aware of the healthy snack initiative and showed a positive attitude towards it, the majority lacked knowledge about its specific content. Factors underlying compliance with the healthy snacking initiative were related to its characteristics, characteristics of the schools, and external factors such as family habits and advertising. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that the rationale underlying the selling of products at schools favours the availability of ultra-processed products and constitutes the main barrier for the promotion of healthy dietary habits among children and adolescents. Strategies aimed at facilitating the identification of unhealthy foods and beverages and provision of incentives to canteen managers to modify their offer are recommended.

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IMPORTANCE: Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy (rSLNB) are techniques that could potentially benefit surgeons and pathologists in the identification of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Evidence suggests that these novel techniques lead to substantial changes in PTC management by reducing understaging and of occult lymph node (LN) metastases and optimizing neck surgery by increasing the necessity of lateral lymphadenectomy and decreasing central lymphadenectomy. OBJECTIVES: To correlate the presence of LN metastases in PTC with clinical and pathological features using SPECT/CT and rSLNB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this prospective cohort study from June 2010 to November 2013, 42 patients with thyroid nodules suspicious for papillary carcinoma or classified as malignant on cytology examination without suspicion of lymph node metastases by clinical and ultrasound examinations were recruited from a single public medical institution. INTERVENTIONS: All 42 patients underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy after an ultrasound-guided peritumoral injection of Technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid. Cervical images were acquired with a SPECT/CT scanner 15 minutes after radiotracer injection. Approximately 2 hours after lymphoscintigraphy, the patients were submitted to intraoperative rSLNB using a handheld gamma probe. All SLNs identified were removed alongside with non-SLNs from the same compartment. Papillary thyroid carcinoma, SLNs and non-SLNs were submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients initially enrolled, 37 were included in analysis, including 6 men and 31 women with a mean (range) age of 47 (22-83) years. Overall, T stage was as follows: T1, 23 patients (62.2%); T2, 8 patients (21.6%); and T3, 6 patients (16.2%). Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 92% of the patients, and among these metastases were present in 17 patients (46%). The SLNs were false-negative in 3 patients. Metastases in the lateral compartment ocurred in 7 patients (18%). There was a significant association between LN metastases and tumor size (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.13; P = .02), with a Cohen d effect of 0.683 (medium to large effect). Overall, 17 patients (46%) with LN metastases had management changed because they were submitted to higher radioiodine ablation doses and closer clinical surveillance. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Radioguided SLNB is able to detect occult cervical lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and in 7 patients (18%) rSLNB detected lymph node metastases in the lateral compartments. The rSLNB technique lead to management change in 14 patients (37.8%).

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