RESUMEN

Long-distance running is an exhausting effort for the whole organism. Prolonged aerobic exercise induces changes in inflammatory markers. However, predicting muscle damage in response has limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers used to measure inflammatory status. The present study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles focusing in ultra-marathon, marathon, and half-marathon and levels of cytokines. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, resulting in the inclusion of 76 articles. IL-6 was highlighted, evaluated in 62 studies and show increase in the standard mean difference (SMD): half-marathon (SMD -1.36; IC 95%: -1.82, -0.89, Ch2:0.58; tau2:0.00; p < 0.0001), marathon (SMD -6.81; IC 95%: -9.26, -4.37; Ch2:481.37 tau2:11.88; p < 0.0001) and ultra-marathon (SMD -8.00 IC 95%: -10.47, -5.53; Ch2:328.40; tau2:14.19; p < 0.0001). In contrast meta-regression analysis did not show relationship to the running distance (p = 0.864). The meta-analysis evidenced increase in the concentration of IL-1ra (p < 0.0001), IL-1B (p < 0.0001), IL-8 (p < 0.0001), IL-10 (p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (p < 0.0001). Reduction in IL-2 (p < 0.0001) and INF-y (p < 0.03) and no change in the IL-4 (p < 0.56). The number of studies evaluating the effect of adipokines was limited, however Leptin and Resistin were recurrent. The effects of an acute bout of prolonged aerobic exercise will protect against chronic systemic inflammation. The time to return to baseline values showed a substantial and dose-dependent relationship with run volume. The concentration of IL-6 was robustly studied and the marathon running was the most explored. Network of endocrine interactions in which circulating factors, released in extreme exercises, interplay through inter-organ crosstalk and physiologic changes were expressed. The running volume variability was able to modulate compounds that play a fundamental role in the maintenance of homeostasis and cell signaling.

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the combination of resistance training (RT) and the hydroethanolic extract (EHE) of Bowdichia virgilioides as markers of oxidative stress (OS) in rats with peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Rats were allocated into six groups (n = 10): animals without interventions (C), animals with an exposed nerve but without injury, injured animals, trained and injured animals, injured animals that received EHE, and animals that received a combination of RT and EHE. RT comprised the climbing of stairs. EHE was orally administered (200 mg/kg) for 21 days after PNI induction. RT reduced the amount of lipoperoxidation in plasma (14.11%). EHE reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (20.72%) and the brain (41.36). RT associated with the extract simultaneously reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (34.23%), muscle (25.13%), and brain (43.98%). There was an increase in total sulhydrilyl levels (a) in the brain (33.33%) via RT; (b) in the brain (44.44%) and muscle (44.51%) using EHE; and (c) in the plasma (54.02%), brain (54.25%), and muscle using the combination of RT + EHE. These results suggest that RT associated with oral EHE results in a decrease in OS.

RESUMEN

Ultra-endurance (UE) race has been associated with brain metabolic changes, but it is still unknown which regions are vulnerable. This study investigated whether high-volume training in rodents, even under moderate intensity, can induce cerebellar oxidative and inflammatory status. Forty-five adult rats were divided into six groups according to a training period, followed or not by an exhaustion test (ET) that simulated UE: control (C), control + ET (C-ET), moderate-volume (MV) training and MV-ET, high-volume training (HV) and HV-ET. The training period was 30 (MV) and 90 (HV) min/day, 5 times/week for 3 months as a continuous running on a treadmill at a maximum velocity of 12 m/min. After 24 h, the ET was performed at 50% maximum velocities up to the animals refused to run, and then serum lactate levels were evaluated. Serum and cerebellar homogenates were obtained 24 h after ET. Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and corticosterone levels were assessed. Lipid peroxidation (LP), nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and GFAP proteins, reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were quantified in the cerebellum. Serum lactate concentrations were lower in MV-ET (∼20%) and HV-ET (∼40%) compared to the C-ET group. CK and corticosterone levels were increased more than ∼ twofold by HV training compared to control. ET increased CK levels in MV-ET vs. MV group (P = 0.026). HV induced higher LP levels (∼40%), but an additive effect of ET was only seen in the MV-ET group (P = 0.02). SOD activity was higher in all trained groups vs. C and C-ET (P < 0.05). CAT activity, however, was intensified only in the MV group (P < 0.02). The 50 kDa GFAP levels were enhanced in C-ET and MV-ET vs. respective controls, while 42 kDa (∼40%) and 39 kDa (∼26%) isoform levels were reduced. In the HV-ET group, the 50 KDa isoform amount was reduced ∼40-60% compared to the other groups and the 39 KDa isoform, increased sevenfold. LDH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, and NO production were not modified. ET elevated IL-1ß levels in the CT and MV groups. Data shows that cerebellar resilience to oxidative damage may be maintained under moderate-volume training, but it is reduced by UE running. High-volume training per se provoked systemic metabolic changes, cerebellar lipid peroxidation, and unbalanced enzymatic antioxidant resource. UE after high-volume training modified the GFAP isoform profile suggesting impaired astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum.

RESUMEN

Introdução: Um mecanismo proposto para a ação oncostática da melatonina no tumor de mama é a inibição do hormônio liberador das gonadotrofinas (GnRH), dificultando assim a liberação dos hormônios luteinizante (LH) e folículo estimulante (FSH) e, consequentemente, reduzindo a produção ovariana de estradiol. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antitumoral da melatonina sobre o tumor de Ehrlich em camundongos fêmeas Swiss, através de sua interação com o aparelho reprodutor. Método: Foram utilizados 56 camundongos fêmeas Swiss (Mus musculus), de 60 dias de idade, divididas em sete grupos experimentais (n = 8 animais/ grupo): A- Pinealectomizados tratados com melatonina; B- Shampinealectomizados tratados com melatonina; C- Pinealectomizados sem tratamento; D- Sham-pinealectomizados sem tratamento; EPinealectomizados tratados com veículo da melatonina; F- Shampinealectomizados tratados com veículo da melatonina; G- Controle. Resultados e Discussão: Alterações ovarianas foram significativas entre os grupos, observando-se um aumento no peso dos ovários e no número de folículos ovarianos dos animais pinealectomizados, enquanto os animais sham-pinealectomizados apresentaram um maior número de corpos lúteos. Os animais pinealectomizados apresentaram maior taxa de crescimento tumoral quando comparados aos animais tratados com melatonina, tendo estes últimos apresentado também uma percentagem de inibição tumoral. Conclusão: A análise destes resultados nos permite concluir que a melatonina, através de sua atuação no ovário, interfere nos mecanismos regulatórios dos processos de crescimento do tumor de Ehrlich. Pode-se conjecturar que eventuais alterações nos padrões de ritmicidade endógena para a melatonina pode predispor os organismos a uma maior incidência de tumor.

Introduction: A proposed mechanism for the oncostatic action of melatonin in breast tumors is the inhibition of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), thus hindering the release of luteinizing hormones (LH) and stimulating follicle (FSH) and, consequently, reducing ovarian estradiol production. Objective: This study aim was to evaluate the melatonin antitumor activity on the Ehrlich tumor in female Swiss mice, through its interaction with the reproductive system. Method: we used 56 female Swiss mice (Mus musculus), 60 days of age, were divided into seven experimental groups (n = 8 animals/group): A- Pinealectomized melatonin treated; B- Shampinealectomized melatonin treated; C- Pinealectomized no treated; D- Sham-Pinealectomized no treated; E- Pinealectomized melatonin vehicle treated; F- Sham-pinealectomized melatonin vehicle treated; G- Control. Results and discussion: Ovarian changes were significant between the groups, observing an increase in ovarian weight and follicles number in pinealectomized animals, whereas the sham-pinealectomized animals exhibited greater numbers of corpus luteum. The pinealectomized animals had higher rate of tumor growth than melatonin treated animals, the last having also presented a percent inhibition of the tumor. Conclusion: Analysis of these results allows us to conclude that melatonin, through its actions in the ovary interfere with regulatory mechanisms of the processes of Ehrlich tumor growth. May conjecture that any changes in the patterns of endogenous rhythmicity for melatonin, can predispose organisms to a higher incidence of tumor.

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