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The relationship between type 2 diabetes oral physiology, nutritional intake and quality of life has not been fully elucidated. We assessed the impact of type 2 diabetes - exclusive or associated with hypertension with beta-blockers treatment - on oral physiology, mastication, nutrition and quality of life. This cross-sectional study was performed with 78 complete dentate subjects (15 natural teeth and six masticatory units minimum; without removable or fixed prostheses), divided into three groups: diabetics (DM) (n = 20; 45·4 ± 9·5 years), diabetics with hypertension and receiving beta-blockers treatment (DMH) (n = 19; 41·1 ± 5·1 years) and controls (n = 39; 44·5 ± 11·7 years) matched for gender, age and socioeconomic status. Blood glucose, masticatory performance, swallowing threshold, taste, food intake, stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity of saliva were assessed. Glycemia was higher in DM than in controls (P < 0·01). No differences were observed between DM and controls for nutrition and quality of life. Both stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate were lower in DMH (P < 0·01), which also presented the lowest number of teeth and masticatory units (P < 0·0001), and reduction in the number of chewing cycles (P < 0·01). Controls showed lower Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index (DMFT) scores in comparison with DMH (P = 0·021). Masticatory performance and saliva buffering capacity were similar among groups. Exclusive type 2 diabetes did not alter oral physiology, nutrition or quality of life. However, when hypertension and beta-blockers treatment were associated with diabetes, the salivary flow rate, chewing cycles and number of teeth decreased.

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Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar a adequação legal de receitas de controle especial e notificações de receitas dispensadas em uma Drogaria de Varginha ? MG, estabelecer uma comparação entre as prescrições provenientes da rede pública e privada e detectar as classes de medicamentos mais prescritas. Analisaram-se 960 prescrições através de um formulário com itens obrigatórios de acordo com a legislação vigente. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo Teste Qui-quadrado, utilizando a origem das notificações e receitas como desfecho. Considerando as receitas; a única variável que apresentou diferença entre os setores público e privado foi a descrição por extenso da quantidade de medicamento, que foi mais adequadamente cumprida pelo setor privado. Em relação às notificações, a legibilidade foi significativamente mais freqüente em notificações provenientes de centros públicos, enquanto a designação da Unidade Federativa e a descrição por extenso da quantidade de medicamento foram mais presentes no setor privado. Por outro lado, a descrição completa da posologia, da data da notificação, a presença de carimbo e descrição da forma farmacêutica foram mais adequadas no setor público. Nenhuma das prescrições foi considerada totalmente adequada aos dados exigidos pela Portaria 344/98. As classes medicamentosas mais prescritas foram os benzodiazepínicos em notificações de receita e os antidepressivos em receituário de controle especial. Concluiu-se que a prescrição de medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial apresenta falhas de acordo com a legislação vigente.

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the legal prescription adequacy in one drugstore located in the south of Minas Gerais state, in order to establish comparisons between the prescriptions of public and private services and to detect the most commonly classes of medicines prescribed. It was analyzed 960 prescriptions in accordance with the current law. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and compared using frequency distribution test(Chi-square test) considering private and public sources of prescription as the dependent variable. Considering special control prescriptions, the extensive description of the amount of medicine was fulfilled more frequently by the private sector. However, for the notifications; legibility, dosage, pharmaceutical form, date of issue and presence of stamp were more frequently present in the public service, while assignment of the Federative Union, the extensive description of the amount of medicine and the dosage was more present in the private sector. None of the evaluated prescriptions was considered totally adjusted with law 344/98. The prescribed medicines more commonly found were benzodiazepines for prescription notifications and antidepressants in special control prescriptions. It was concluded that the medicine prescriptions subjected to special control are frequently not adequate to the current law.

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The application of gel electrophoresis and numerical analysis of yeast soluble proteins analysis to the investigation of 12 oral yeast strains belonging to five species is described. It involves one-dimensional electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized whole-cell proteins using different culture media for the cultivation of the cells, integration densitometries in the areas of the gels and percentages of the proteins extraction. These extracts were prepared from four isolates of Candida albicans, two of C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei. The extracts from whole-cells proteins using different culture media for the cultivation of the cells were fractionated by slab electrophoresis using a discontinuous buffer system. The corresponding patterns showed at least 36 polypeptides in the range of 14.4-200 kDa. Different isolates of each species were clearly different in each of the five species. The data obtained suggest that different nutritional compositions led to the expression of different proteins derived from alternatives metabolic pathways expressed by the electrophoretic profiles. The construction of a database of protein fingerprints and numerical analysis based on such data, may have some implications in the classification and identification of such species with epidemiological, ecological and taxonomic purposes. A well defined or synthetic culture media seems to be much properly.

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Two hundred and thirty-nine (239) Brazilian children, distributed into five distinct socioeconomic categories (A to E) were studied. Saliva samples were analyzed as to flow rate, pH, buffer capacity and microbial parameters. The results revealed the presence of Candida spp. in 47.3% of the samples. The most commonly isolated species was C. albicans, in all socioeconomic categories, followed by C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. There was no statistical correlation between secretion rate, buffer capacity and Candida spp. CFU/ml. The prevalence of Candida spp. did not differ substantially among the groups; however the microorganisms were more detected in categories B and C. Among all species, C. albicans was the most prevalent. Only 5% of the sample presented more than one species--C. albicans associated with C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis or C. krusei. It was possible to detect a significant correlation between caries indices and the socioeconomic categories. All categories presented increased caries indices; however the studied population was considered of low caries risk. There was no positive correlation between the presence of Candida and caries risk in the analyzed population.

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The application of gel electrophoresis and numerical analysis of yeast soluble proteins analysis to the investigation of 12 oral yeast strains belonging to five species is described. It involves one-dimensional electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized whole-cell proteins using different culture media for the cultivation of the cells, integration densitometries in the areas of the gels and percentages of the proteins extraction. These extracts were prepared from four isolates of Candida albicans, two of C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei. The extracts from whole-cells proteins using different culture media for the cultivation of the cells were fractionated by slab electrophoresis using a discontinuous buffer system. The corresponding patterns showed at least 36 polypeptides in the range of 14.4-200 kDa. Different isolates of each species were clearly different in each of the five species. The data obtained suggest that different nutritional compositions led to the expression of different proteins derived from alternatives metabolic pathways expressed by the electrophoretic profiles. The construction of a database of protein fingerprints and numerical analysis based on such data, may have some implications in the classification and identification of such species with epidemiological, ecological and taxonomic purposes. A well defined or synthetic culture media seems to be much properly

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In this report, strains of five different Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis) isolated from healthy human oral cavities as well as their respective type-strains were used in order to establish the genetic diversity existing among the different species and within a certain species, by the analysis of their electrophoretic alloenzyme patterns. These profiles were analyzed for their band positions in the gels, which allowed to group the strains of the same species in species-specific clusters and to treat them as conspecific populations. A total of thirteen enzymatic loci were obtained (ACO, ADH1, ADH2, CAT, G6PDH, GDH, GOT, IDH1, IDH2, LAP, LDH, PER, and SOD). The allelic frequencies (p) and the heterozygosity (h) for all the thirteen loci were determined by diversity index formulas. The GST index is the estimated proportion of genetic diversity that was applied in order to establish inter and intra populational diversity, which, for our results, indicated that 37.75% of total genetic diversity was attributable to differences among the species and the remaining 62.25% was attributable to differences within these populations. An Euclidian distance dendrogram for the different conspecific populations was built, showing that C. guilliermondii grouped first with C. tropicalis and thus formed a expanded cluster with C. albicans. This cluster combined later with another one composed by C. parapsilosis and C. krusei. Comparing our results to the others that were obtained by different molecular techniques, we have observed that the clustering hierarchies follow different paths of organization, varying according to the methodology employed.

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Electrophoretic studies of multilocus-enzymes (MLEE) and whole-cell protein (SDS-PAGE) were carried out in order to evaluate the parity between different methods for the characterization of five Candida species commonly isolated from oral cavity of humans by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is more efficient in grouping strains in their respective species while MLEE has much limited resolution in organizing all strains in their respective species-specific clusters. MLEE technique must be regarded for surveys in which just one species of Candida is involved

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Electrophoretic studies of multilocus-enzymes (MLEE) and whole-cell protein (SDS-PAGE) were carried out in order to evaluate the parity between different methods for the characterization of five Candida species commonly isolated from oral cavity of humans by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is more efficient in grouping strains in their respective species while MLEE has much limited resolution in organizing all strains in their respective species-specific clusters. MLEE technique must be regarded for surveys in which just one species of Candida is involved.

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Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and numerical taxonomic methods were used to establish the degrees of relatedness among five Candida species commonly isolated from humans oral cavities. Of twenty enzymic systems assayed, five showed no enzymic activity (aspartate dehydrogenase, mannitol dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glucosyl transferase and alpha-amylase). The obtained data revealed that some of these enzymes are capable of distinguishing strains of different species, but most of them could not organize all strains in their respective species-specific clusters. Numerical classification based on MLEE polymorphism must be regarded for surveys involving just one Candida species.

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Electrophoresis of some dehydrogenases were carried out in order to establish relatedness degrees among five Candida species commonly isolated from oral cavity of humans, by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that some dehydrogenases are capable of distinguishing strains of different species, but most of these enzymes could not organize all strains in their respective clusters. Numerical classifications based on dehydrogenase polymorphism must be considered for surveys involving just one species of yeast genus, where this resource had already shown to be useful.

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Electrophoresis of some dehydrogenases were carried out in order to establish relatedness degrees among five Candida species commonly isolated from oral cavity of humans, by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that some dehydrogenases are capable of distinguishing strains of different species, but most of these enzymes could not organize all strains in their respective clusters. Numerical classifications based on dehydrogenase polymorphism must be considered for surveys involving just one species of yeast genus, where this resource had already shown to be useful.(AU)

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En este estudio se evaluó la frecuencia y biotipos de Cándida sp. en la saliva de portadores sanos, tomando en consideración la actividad cariogénica de dichos individuos a través de informaciones epidemiológicas. La muestra consistió en 239 niños tomados al azar, divididos en cinco estratos sociales. La saliva de cada uno de estos pacientes fue, cultivadas en medios específicos para el crecimiento del hongo. Posterior al crecimiento de las levaduras, las mismas fueron identificadas bioquímicamente mediante pruebas de fermentación. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que Cándida albicans fue la especia de mayor prevalencia en todas las categorías socioeconómicas evaluadas. En 5 por ciento de las muestras se evidenció la presencia de más de una especie de Cándida coexistiendo en la cavidad bucal, incluyendo asociación de C. albicans con C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis y C. krusei. En ninguno de los casos las especies fueron detectadas individualmente

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Electrophoresis of some dehydrogenases were carried out in order to establish relatedness degrees among five Candida species commonly isolated from oral cavity of humans, by numerical taxonomy methods. The obtained data revealed that some dehydrogenases are capable of distinguishing strains of different species, but most of these enzymes could not organize all strains in their respective clusters. Numerical classifications based on dehydrogenase polymorphism must be considered for surveys involving just one species of yeast genus, where this resource had already shown to be useful.

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Whole-cell proteins from isolates of five Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida guilliermondii) were separated by SDS-PAGE and the profiles obtained were converted into a binary data matrix that produced a cophenetic correlation phenogram. The analysis of the phenogram allowed detection of the cophenetic correlation levels existing among these species.

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Saliva samples from students aged 6 to 8 year-old were analysed in order to determine the incidence of Streptococcus group mutans and Lactobacillus. Two hundred children were examined, distributed in five socioeconomic categories (A to E). Stimulated saliva samples were collected and inoculated into the SB20 and Rogsa agar culture medium for the Streptococcus and Lactobacillus cultivation. After growth, the number of these microorganisms (CUF/mL) was determined after identification of the representative colonies by biochemical methods on the basis of carbohydrate fermentation. A significative part of the population, particularly among the lower socioeconomic categories (D/E) was considered a high risk group in developing dental caries because of the high number of Streptococcus group mutans and Lactobacillus.

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