RESUMEN
Estimation data show that the nematodes are one of the most numerous and diverse phyllum of animals on earth. The number of nematode species is estimated as 26,646 including 15,965 parasitic species. Some new species of parasites are still recorded. For example in 2004 a new whipworm, Trichuris feliui, Trichuridae from Talpa europea was described. According to nowadays data (May, 2005) the number of nematode species parasitizing in animals in Europe is 1431 and in Poland 448 respectively. Most of them belong to the classis Secernetea and the orders Spirurida and Strongylida. The family Capillariidae is the most numerous within the classis Adenophorea. Diversity of nematodes can be characterized by morphological variety as well as differences concerning their biology, ecology and species heterogeneity.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Nematodos/clasificación , Nematodos/fisiología , Animales , Ecología/tendencias , Ecosistema , Europa (Continente) , Filogenia , Polonia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis. This review presents data from Europe and Poland on the prevalence of helminth and protozoan parasites in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The most common nematodes were geohelminths: Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis and Toxocara leonina. As concerning Trichinella genus T. britovi was found more often than T. spiralis. Among tapeworms the following species were recorded: Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia sp., and Echinococcus multilocularis. Detected cases of E. multilocularis together with an increase of fox population during last few years create a potential human risk of infection. The results of many studies indicate rare presence of trematodes (Alaria alata) and protozoan parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Leishmania spp., Eimeria spp.) in red foxes.
Asunto(s)
Reservorios de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Zorros/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , Animales , Cestodos/patogenicidad , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Helmintos/patogenicidad , Humanos , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Polonia/epidemiología , PrevalenciaAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/biosíntesis , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C/parasitología , Oxiuriasis/inmunología , Oxyuroidea/inmunología , Animales , Animales de Laboratorio/inmunología , Animales de Laboratorio/parasitología , Ratones , Oxiuriasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Evolution and systematics of nematodes based on molecular investigation. The use of molecular phylogenetics to examine the interrelationships between animal parasites, free-living nematodes, and plant parasites versus traditional classification based on morphological-ecological characters was discussed and reviewed. Distinct differences were observed between parasitic nematodes and free-living ones. Within the former group, animal parasites turned out to be distinctly different from plant parasites. Using small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene sequence from a wide range of nematodes, there is a possibility to compare animal-parasitic, plant-parasitic and free-living taxa. Nowadays the parasitic nematodes expressed sequence tag (EST) project is currently generating sequence information to provide a new source of data to examine the evolutionary history of this taxonomic group.