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The aims of this study were to describe anthropometric data and glycemic and lipidic profiles of HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretrovirals (ARV) drugs, and to assess association between these drugs and body composition changes, lipid and glucose homeostasis disturbances. There were 176 patients included (133 ARV-treated patients and 43 ARV-naïve). The patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratorial analysis, ultrasonographic measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis and skin folds thickness measurements. The ARV-treated group showed higher waist-to-hip ratio (p= 0.0002), higher intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (p= 0.003) and lower bicipital (p= 0.01) and tricipital (p= 0.0002) skin folds. This group also showed higher triglyceride (p= 0.0002), total cholesterol (p= 0.00007), HDL cholesterol (p= 0.009), glucose measurements one hour (p= 0.01) and two hours (p= 0.001) after dextrose load, higher levels of fasting insulin (p= 0.03) and higher HOMAR index (p= 0.02). The antiretroviral drugs are associated with increased visceral fat and decreased peripheral fat pads. Beside that, these drugs are associated with atherogenic lipid profile and insulin resistance, two independent risk predictors of cardiovascular disease.

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AIMS: To compare the intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasound between HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and to correlate these visceral adiposity measurements to other parameters of cardiovascular risks. METHODS: In a transversal observational study, 160 HIV-infected patients were recruited and divided in two groups, i.e., 123 antiretroviral (ARV)-treated and 37 ARV-naïve patients. These patients were submitted to anthropometric determinations, laboratorial analysis, ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous and intra- abdominal fat thickness and to tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis in order to measure the body composition. RESULTS: In the patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the intra-abdominal fat pad was significantly thicker than that of the untreated group (69 +/- 21 mm, n = 123 vs. 60 +/- 18 mm, n = 37; p = 0.03 Student's t test). The intra-abdominal fat thickness correlated significantly with plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, glucose measurements 2 h after dextrose load, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, weight, BMI, WHR and caliper-measured total fat percentage. CONCLUSION: The results showed that antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased ultrasonographic measurements of visceral adiposity. Our data demonstrated a strong correlation between intra-abdominal fat thickness and independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease: atherogenic lipid profile and insulin resistance.

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Os objetivos foram avaliar dados antropométricos e perfis lipídico e glicêmico de pacientes infectados pelo HIV usuários e não usuários de anti-retrovirais (ARV), e verificar a associação entre ARV e alterações da gordura corporal, distúrbios lipídicos e da homeostase da glicose. Foram incluídos 176 pacientes (133 usuários e 43 não usuários de ARV). Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, exames laboratoriais, ultrassonografia, biompedanciometria e medida de pregas cutâneas. Pacientes usuários de ARV apresentaram maior relação cintura/quadril (p= 0,0002), maior espessura da gordura intra-abdominal medida pela ultrassonografia (p= 0,003) e menores pregas de gordura bicipital (p= 0,01) e tricipital (p= 0,0002). Estes pacientes tiveram níveis mais elevados de triglicérides (p= 0,0002), colesterol total (p= 0,00007) e colesterol HDL (p= 0,009). Eles também apresentaram maiores níveis de glicose aos 60 (p= 0,01) e 120 minutos (p= 0,001) após dextrosol, maiores níveis de insulina de jejum (p= 0,03) e maiores valores do índice HOMA (p= 0,02). As drogas anti-retrovirais estão associadas a acúmulo central e perda periférica de gordura. Além disso, estas drogas estão associadas a alterações lipídicas e a aumento da resistência insulínica, conhecidos fatores de risco cardiovascular.

The aims of this study were to describe anthropometric data and glycemic and lipidic profiles of HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretrovirals (ARV) drugs, and to assess association between these drugs and body composition changes, lipid and glucose homeostasis disturbances. There were 176 patients included (133 ARV-treated patients and 43 ARV-naïve). The patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratorial analysis, ultrasonographic measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis and skin folds thickness measurements. The ARV-treated group showed higher waist-to-hip ratio (p= 0.0002), higher intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasonography (p= 0.003) and lower bicipital (p= 0.01) and tricipital (p= 0.0002) skin folds. This group also showed higher triglyceride (p= 0.0002), total cholesterol (p= 0.00007), HDL cholesterol (p= 0.009), glucose measurements one hour (p= 0.01) and two hours (p= 0.001) after dextrose load, higher levels of fasting insulin (p= 0.03) and higher HOMAR index (p= 0.02). The antiretroviral drugs are associated with increased visceral fat and decreased peripheral fat pads. Beside that, these drugs are associated with atherogenic lipid profile and insulin resistance, two independent risk predictors of cardiovascular disease.

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A nefropatia diabética é uma complicação comum em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Sua evolução para insuficiência renal crônica implica aumento na mortalidade, aumento dos gastos com o tratamento e queda na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Esses aspectos justificam a busca de um melhor entendimento dos fatores associados ao aparecimento e à evolução desta complicação. Faz-se, através deste artigo, uma revisão sobre a abordagem da nefropatia diabética em pediatria. Além disso, serão abordadas questões como fatores de risco e diagnóstico laboratorial dessa patologia.

Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication found in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1. The progression of diabetic nephropathy to chronic renal failure results in an increased mortality and a worse quality of life, demanding more expensive and sophisticated treatment approaches. Those features indicate that a better understanding of the causing factors and a thorough elucidation of the evolutional mechanisms of this disease are needed. A survey on the management of pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy is made. Other issues discussed are: risk factors, diagnostic tools and prognosis.

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A nefropatia diabética é uma complicação comum em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O diabetes mellitus do tipo 1, normalmente, inicia-se na infância e, após cinco a quinze anos de doença, podem ocorrer as complicações, sobretudo a nefropatia diabética. Muitos fatores relacionam-se ao desenvolvimento do dano renal, tais como controle glicêmico, mediadores humorais, perfil genético e fatores de crescimento. Sua evolução para insuficiência renal crônica implica aumento na mortalidade, aumento dos gastos com o tratamento e queda na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Esses aspectos justificam a busca de um melhor entendimento dos fatores associados ao aparecimento e à evolução dessa complicação. Este artigo consiste de uma revisão sobre a fisiopatologia da nefropatia diabética.

Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication found in type 1 diabetes patients. This normally starts in childhood and, after five to fifteen years of the disease, the complications, mainly nephropathy, may be present. Several factors may explain the development of renal involvement such as: glycemia control, humoral mediators, genetic profile, and growth factors. The progression of diabetic nephropathy to chronic renal failure results in an increased mortality and a worse quality of life, demanding more expensive and sophisticated approaches to treatment. These features indicate that a better understanding of the causative factors and a thorough elucidation of the evolutionary mechanisms of this disease are needed. A revision of the physiopathology of diabetic nephropathy is made.

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Objetivo: determinar valores de referência regionais para a excreçäo urinária de cálcio, ácido úrico e citrato e estabelecer correlaçäo entre essas excreçöes em urina em 24h e amostras únicas, para uso na prática clínica. Material e métodos: 125 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis, selecionados aleatoriamente, foram submetidos ao protocolo: exame clínico, bioquímica de sangue, hemograma, paratormônio, urina em 24h, urina em amostra única colhida com jejum, e exame parasitológico de fezes.Resultados: o valor máximo para a excreçäo de cálcio em urina em 24h foi 3,75mg/kg, em mg/dl do ritmo de filtraçäo glomerular - RFG foi 0,10, e, para a relaçäo cálcio/creatinina(mg/dl) na urina, em amostra única em jejum, foi de 0,25. Observou-se correlaçäo positiva entre a excreçäo de cálcio em urina em 24h, e urina em amostra única em jejum (mg/dl e mg/dl do RFG). Os valores máximos para a excreçäo de ácido úrico em urina em 24h foram 600, 450 e 320mg e 13, 15 e 18 mg/kg para adolescentes, escolares e pré-escolares, respectivamente; em mg/dl do RFG em amostra única de urina foi 0,47. Observou-se correlaçäo positiva para a excreçäo de ácido úrico em urina em 24h e urina em amostra única em jejum. Os valores médios para a excreçäo de citrato em urina em 24h foram 1,6, 1,1 e 0,5mmol para adolescentes, escolares e pré-escolares, respectivamente; para a relaçäo citrato/creatinina em urina, em amostra única, com jejum, foi 0,3. Conclusöes: as excreçöes de cálcio e ácido úrico em urina em 24h se correlacionaram com aquelas das amostras urinárias simplificadas, permitindo o uso destas para diagnósticos metabólicos, estudos populacionais e controle de pacientes hipercalciúricos e hiperuricosúricos sem controle de esfíncter vesical; o quociente citrato/creatinina em urina, em amostra única, pode ser utilizado para controle de pacientes com hipocitratúria

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OBJECTIVE: To obtain regional reference values for calcium, uric acid and citrate urinary excretion and establish a correlation between those excretions in 24-hour urine sample and single urine sample for their use in clinical practice. METHODS: A hundred and twenty-five healthy children and adolescents were randomly chosen and submitted to the following protocol: clinical examination, biochemical analysis of blood, blood cell count, parathormone, 24-hour urine, fasting urine sample and stool test. RESULTS: The maximum value of calcium excretion in 24-hour urine was 3.75 mg/kg; in mg/dl of the glomerular filtration rate, it was 0.10; and for the calcium/creatinine (mg/dl) ratio in the fasting urine sample was 0.25. Positive correlation was observed between calcium excretion in the 24-hour urine and the fasting sample (mg/dl and mg/dl of glomerular filtration rate). The maximum values of uric acid excretion in 24-hour urine were 600, 450, and 320 mg and 13, 15 and 18 mg/kg for adolescents, school and preschool children, respectively; in mg/dl of glomerular filtration rate, in the fasting urine sample, it was 0.47. Positive correlation was observed for the uric acid excretion in 24-hour urine and fasting urine samples. The mean values for the citrate excretion in 24-hour urine were 1.6, 1.1 and 0.5 mmol for adolescents, school and preschool children, respectively; for citrate/creatinine ratio, in the fasting urine sample the mean value was 0.3. CONCLUSIONS: The calcium and uric acid excretion in 24-hour urine showed correlation with those in the fasting urine sample, which allows their use for metabolic diagnosis, population studies and follow-up of patients with hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria without voiding control; the citrate/creatinine ratio in the fasting urine sample can be used for controlling patients with hypocitraturia.