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Resumo Foi na década de 1950 que o Brasil incluiu explicitamente o item Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) na agenda política em nível federal. As crises internacionais da década de 1970, entretanto, interromperam o avanço dos investimentos públicos nessa área, que acabaram sendo retomados nos anos 2000 com políticas industriais baseadas em concepções sistêmicas de inovação, a partir de um cenário de relativa estabilização macroeconômica. Contudo, a recente crise financeira internacional e a incapacidade dos governos de manter a estabilidade macroeconômica têm restringido a ação de políticas de C&T. O objetivo deste artigo é resgatar a trajetória da agenda das políticas de C&T no Brasil, considerando a dependência de caminhos institucionais que têm retardado a construção de um modelo de desenvolvimento de longo prazo.

Resumen: A partir de los años 1950 políticas explícitas de C&T fueron incorporadas a la agenda de los gobiernos federales en Brasil. Las crisis internacionales de la década de 1970 interrumpieron las inversiones públicas en el área. En los años 2000, una relativa estabilización macroeconómica llevó a retomar las políticas industriales basadas en concepciones sistémicas de innovación. Con todo, la reciente crisis financiera internacional y la incapacidad de los gobiernos para mantener la estabilidad macroeconómica han restringido la acción de las políticas de C&T. El objetivo de este artículo es rescatar la trayectoria de la agenda de las políticas de C&T en Brasil, a partir de los caminos de dependencia institucional que han retardado la construcción de un modelo de desarrollo de largo plazo.

Abstract In the 1950s, Brazil first made science and technology (S&T) an explicit item on its federal policy agenda. The international crises of 1970s interrupted the expansion of public investment in the area. Following 2000, relative macroeconomic stability brought back industrial policies based on systemic approaches to innovation. However, S&T policies initiatives have been overcome by the ongoing macroeconomic crisis and the governments' incapability to maintain the macroeconomic stability. This paper discusses Brazil's S&T policy track record, taking into account institutional path dependence that has held back the orchestration of a long term development model.

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ABSTRACT: The pesticide industry has undergone a diversification process led by six leading companies (Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, BASF) that control roughly 68% of the world market. This growth, initiated in the second half of the 1990s, occurred through deals and acquisitions of companies from the seed and biopesticide markets. This paper analyzes these diversification strategies, which have involved a capital mobilization process based on the exploitation of economies of scope and management of complementary assets. This aims to minimize the risks of investment in consolidated markets as well as in new ones.

RESUMO: A indústria de agrotóxicos tem passado por um processo de diversificação, desencadeado pelas seis empresas líderes (Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow, Dupont, BASF), que detêm cerca de 68% das vendas mundiais de agrotóxicos. Esse crescimento, iniciado na segunda metade do ano de 1990, tem ocorrido por meio de aquisições e acordos que envolvem empresas do ramo de sementes e do segmento de biopesticidas. Este artigo analisa essas estratégias de diversificação nas quais constata-se um processo de mobilização de capitais, baseado na exploração de economias de escopo e na gestão de ativos complementares. Isto permite minimizar o risco de investimentos, tanto em mercados já consolidados quanto em novas áreas de atuação.

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Abnormal human behavior detection under free-living conditions is a reliable technique to detect activity disorders and diseases. This work proposes an acceleration-based algorithm to detect abnormal behavior as an abnormal increase or decrease in physical activity (PA). The algorithm is based on statistical features of human physical activity. Using a period of observed physical activity as a reference, the algorithm is able to detect abnormal behavior in other periods of time. The approach is unsupervised as the modeling of the reference behavior is not required. It has been validated with a group of 12 users under free-living conditions for two days. Results show a precision greater than 75% and a recall of 92%.

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Este artigo teve por objetivo descrever o processo de criaçãode Nomenclatura de Valor Aduaneiro e Estatística (NVE) dosagrotóxicos autorizados no Brasil, enquadrados no capítulo 29 daNomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), intitulado “Produtosquímicos orgânicos”. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no intuito de (1)reduzir a falta de clareza decorrente da excessiva agregação daNCM; (2) aumentar o controle legal de entrada e saída de ingredientesativos (IA) do Brasil; e (3) criar bases de dados e de estatísticaspara a implementação de sistema de inteligência regulatória paraagrotóxicos. Foram criadas NVE para 345 IA empregados nafabricação de agrotóxicos e contemplados exclusivamente em459 monografi as elaboradas pela Agência Nacional de VigilânciaSanitária (ANVISA). Utilizou-se para a criação das NVE de IAvoltados à produção de agrotóxicos, o mesmo atributo empregadopara IA de produtos farmacêuticos. Foram utilizados, em ambos oscasos, o número do Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), seguidopela denominação da International Organization for Standardization(ISO), ou Denominação Comum Brasileira (DCB), aprovadas peloMinistério da Saúde. A criação das NVE evidenciou o caráterincipiente do controle estatístico de entrada de agrotóxicos no Brasilmediante importação. Dos mais de 400 IA que originam produtostécnicos (PT) e formulados (PF) de agrotóxicos, apenas 19 tinhamseu controle estatístico efetuado (descrição exata por meio de NCMde 8 dígitos), o que equivale a 4% do total de ingredientes ativosavaliados.

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There are various techniques available to measure human physical activity (PA). Accelerometer based techniques claim to be non-invasive and easy to use. The signal magnitude area (SMA) is the most extended feature used to measure the physical activity. It is calculated by sampling and filtering an accelerometer signal of at least at 50 Hz. SMA has a proven and widely accepted linear relation with the energy expenditure. A novel magnitude called JIM, which is more efficient than SMA, is proposed in this paper. The jerk-based inactivity magnitude (JIM) is also calculated from the acceleration signal, but at a sampling rate of 1Hz, increasing the battery life of the measuring system. This magnitude gives the same information as the SMA (correlation of 95%) and is validated with a group of 39 users in free-living conditions for at least 24 hours.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for multiple pulmonary complications including pulmonary hypertension. Exercise induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH) has been previously described in patients with scleroderma, sickle cell disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet has not been associated with the HIV population. METHODS: A prospective case-control study design was implemented. Four HIV patients with unexplained dyspnea and four healthy controls underwent symptom-limited stationary bicycle exercise. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography was used to measure tricuspid regurgitation velocity which was used to calculate the right ventricular to right atrial pressure (RV-RA) gradient at rest and at peak exercise using the simplified Bernoulli's equation. Change in RV-RA gradient between rest and peak exercise was calculated and considered to represent change in pulmonary arterial systolic pressure. RESULTS: The mean age was 41.25 years (±8.7) for patients and 33.5 years (±6.0) for controls. The mean CD4 count of patients was 191.5 cells/µL (±136.2). Patients had a significantly higher increase in RV-RA gradient as compared to controls (180.2% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.03). DISCUSSION: This pilot study suggests that it is feasible to use recumbent bicycle and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of EIPH among HIV patients with dyspnea of unknown etiology. The study is too small to draw any broad conclusion. Further evaluation of this concept with a larger study is warranted.

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It is difficult to calculate the wear produced by free-pinned tools because their angular movement is not entirely predictable. We analyze the wear produced with free-pinned ring tools, using both simulations and experiments. We conclude that the wear of an incomplete ring is directly proportional to the ring's angular size, independently of the mean radius of the ring. We present an algorithm for calculation of the wear produced by free-pinned petal tools, as they can be considered a linear combination of incomplete free-pinned ring tools. Finally, we apply this result to the enhancement of a defective flat surface and to making a concave spheric surface.

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A new tool for hydrodynamic radial polishing, HyDra, allows for the local polishing of optical surfaces with a controllable wear rate. The results of the removal rate for different polisher types and sizes, applied air pressures for slurry expulsion, and tool height with respect to the working surface, are reported. We present a numerical analysis of the volumetric removal rate for the dynamic experiments as well as a comparison with a similar technique.

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We present a simple algorithm that makes possible the simulation of ronchigrams for any optical system in which it is possible to make an exact ray tracing. We report the simulations for the following grids: the Ronchi classical, square, circular, radial, circular-radial, biparabolic, elliptic-hyperbolic, bipolar, and bielliptic ones.

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Percutaeous puncture-aspiration-injection-respiration (PAIR) of hydatid liver cysts, was performed in 38 patients 14-80 years old, with a total of 60 liver hydatid cysts. After aspiration under computed tomography guidance, hypertonic saline was injected into the cystic cavities of patients as a scolecidal agent. No major complications were associated with the procedures. In the follow-up period of 18 months, control CT scans of 35 cysts revealed a gradual decrease in cyst size with a mean volume reduction of 66 percent. Complications included two cases of urticaria, one case of anaphylaxis and one subcapsular hematoma. No mortality occurred. It is concluded that percutaneous aspiration and hypertonic saline injection for liver hydatid cysts appears to be an effective form of treatment and may eventually prove to be an alternative to surgical intervention

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Entre septiembre de 1990 y febrero de 1992, fueron preparadas 311 bolsas de nutrición parenteral total (NPT), que se administraron a 28 pacientes. La preparación fue realizada por personal de enfermería de una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI), en office limpio, sin campana de flujo laminar (CFL). Luego de la infusión de la mezcla durante 24 horas, se enviaron 174 muestras para exámen directo y posteriormente fueron cultivadas en caldo cerebro corazón, durante siete días. Solo seis muestras desarrollaron microorganismos, sin correlación clínica de infección en los pacientes, al momento de la recolección

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Entre septiembre de 1990 y febrero de 1992, fueron preparadas 311 bolsas de nutrición parenteral total (NPT), que se administraron a 28 pacientes. La preparación fue realizada por personal de enfermería de una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI), en office limpio, sin campana de flujo laminar (CFL). Luego de la infusión de la mezcla durante 24 horas, se enviaron 174 muestras para exámen directo y posteriormente fueron cultivadas en caldo cerebro corazón, durante siete días. Solo seis muestras desarrollaron microorganismos, sin correlación clínica de infección en los pacientes, al momento de la recolección (AU)

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