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Objective: The study aimed to compare patients with HELLP syndrome who require intensive care and who do not require intensive care and evaluate the factors affecting the length of stay in the intensive care unit. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups as follows: requiring intensive care (group 1) and not requiring intensive care (group 2). The data of both groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, transfusion amounts, length of stay in the intensive care unit, maternal complications, and mortality. Results: 14032 births in a tertiary center between 2011 and 2018 were evaluated in this study. During the study period, 342 patients were diagnosed with HELLP, and 32 (9.4%) of these were followed up in the intensive care unit. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was determined as 8.1 (7.2) days on average. Fresh frozen plasma, erythrocyte suspension, apheresis, and random thrombocyte transfusion were observed to be significantly more in group 1 patients. In the regression analysis, the most effective factor was found to be erythrocyte suspension and the length of stay in the intensive care unit was significantly longer in patients who had erythrocyte suspension transfusion. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve value for erythrocyte transfusion was 70.6%. When the cutoff value of erythrocyte suspension was 450 (95% CI: 365-681) ml, the sensitivity was 43.8% and the specificity was 91.6%. Conclusion: We think that physicians should be careful that maternal morbidity and mortality may increase as the need for erythrocyte suspension transfusion increases in patients with HELLP syndrome. Minimum transfusion to hemodynamically stable patients can be more suitable in terms of morbidity and mortality in managing patients with HELLP syndrome requiring erythrocyte suspension transfusion. Precautions and measures should be taken in this regard.

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Aim: This study aims to determine an important parameter in progression from pre-invasive lesions of endometrium to endometrial cancer and also evaluate the effect of this parameter on the progression of endometrial cancer. Material and Method: In our study,30 patients with normal endometrial tissue (group 1), 56 patients who had endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (group 2), 36 patients who had endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (group 3), and 63 patients with endometrial cancer (group 4) were included. Age, parity, body-mass index, systemic diseases, and tumor markers of patients were evaluated. Expression levels of Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin proteins were immunohistochemically evaluated in terms of frequency, intensity, and score value. Results: When we compared hyperplasia cases with or without atypia; frequency, and score value of ezrin expression and frequency, intensity, and score value of moesin expression was significantly higher in patients who had hyperplasia with atypia (p:0.000 p:0.001 p:0.003, p:0.032 p: 0.035 p:0.015 p:0.005, respectively). It was observed that the frequency and score value of moesin expression were significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer when compared with patients who had hyperplasia with atypia (p:0.003 p:0.045). The frequency of moesin expression was significantly higher in patients who had postoperative mortality (p:0.030 p:0.039). Conclusion: Increased frequency of moesin expression in the preoperative period in patients with atypical hyperplasia should alert the surgeon in terms of malignancy. If the frequency of moesin expression increases in cases with endometrial cancer, the patient should be followed closely in terms of progression in the postoperative period.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of surgical procedure on the operation's results in patients undergoing emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH). METHODS: The records of patients who underwent EPH due to postpartum hemorrhage between 2010 and 2020 in two tertiary centers with a high crude delivery rate were retrospectively analyzed. Surgical data were compared according to the EPH type. RESULTS: During the study period, 115,709 births occurred in these two centers. EPH was administered for 181 (1.6%) of these patients. Sixty-seven (37%) of the EPH cases involved subtotal EPH (SEPH), and 114 (63%) were total EPH (TEPH). Surgical time (107.3 ± 17.6 vs. 134.2 ± 32.3 min, p < 0.001), erythrocyte transfusion count (2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 6.2, p < 0.001), ureter injury (0.0 vs. 7.9%), bladder injury (1.5 vs. 28.1%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (1.5 vs. 9.6%), need for relaparotomy (4.5 vs. 14%), and intensive care unit admission (19.4 vs. 52.6%) were found to be higher in the TEPH group compared to the SEPH group (p < 0.05). In addition, the total length of hospitalization was longer in the TEPH group (4.5 ± 2.3 vs. 6.1 ± 4.6 day, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: According to the results, if the bleeding in peripartum hemorrhage requiring EPH can be controlled with SEPH, attempting to remove the cervix completely may be associated with increased surgical time, blood transfusion need, and surgical complications.

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BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the fallopian tubes are important for infertile patients. The two most important diagnostic procedures used to evaluate tubal patency are hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy. OBJECTIVES: To asses the hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy results of patients diagnosed with infertility and investigate the diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography in patients with tubal factor infertility. METHODS: The hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy results of 208 patients who presented to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic at Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine between January 2014- January 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy results were compared with regard to the investigation of the presence of tubal obstruction and of the pelvic structures that could cause tubal obstruction. The specificity, sensitivity, positive, and negative predictive values of hysterosalpingography were computed. RESULTS: The number of patients evaluated was 208. The ratio of primary infertile patients was 57.2% and 42.8% was secondary infertile. Hysterosalpingography was found to have a specificity of 64.6%, the sensitivity of 81.3%, the positive predictive value of 56.4%, and a negative predictive value of 86% in the determination of tubal obstruction. CONCLUSION: Patients with suspected tubal infertility can primarily be examined using hysterosalpingography in consideration of the invasive nature and the higher complication rate of laparoscopy.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a birth preparation program on birth satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with patients who applied to our hospital between January 2018 and January 2019. A total of 164 pregnant women (Study Group) who applied for the birth preparation program and completed all training in our hospital and 152 pregnant women who did not apply for the birth preparation program and who did not know about such training (Control Group) were included in the study. Demographical data and obstetric parameters of the groups were recorded. All patients were evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale and Salmon's Item List scale 48 hours after the delivery. The scores of both groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, gravida, parity, gestational week of birth, the birth weight of infants, and 5th-minute APGAR scores. It was found that the Visual Analog Scale scores of the Control Group were significantly higher than in the Study Group. The Salmon's Item List scores of the Study Group were significantly higher than those of the patients in the Control Group (< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The birth preparation program increases satisfaction during labor and decreases the traumas that may occur in the following births and increase comfort in the postpartum period. For this reason, such programs must be applied commonly to ensure that women can face both the birth and postpartum processes comfortably.

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This study aimed to examine the possible association between the oxidative stress parameters and clomiphene citrate resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. The demographic data, hormone profiles and oxidant and antioxidant values of 50 clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome patients (Group 1), 32 clomiphene citrate-sensitive polycystic ovary syndrome patients (Group 2) and 87 non-polycystic ovary syndrome patients (Group 3) were compared. The average age, follicle-stimulating hormone, oestradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin values of the three groups were found to be homogeneous. Ferroxidase, catalase and myeloperoxidase levels were determined to be lower in the clomiphene citrate-resistant group compared to clomiphene citrate-sensitive and non-polycystic ovary syndrome groups (p < .001). As a result, Polycystic ovary syndrome patients with clomiphene resistance had lower antioxidant (catalase and ferroxidase) levels compared to those who were sensitive to clomiphene and who did not have polycystic ovary syndrome. The myeloperoxidase levels also demonstrated the same trend, which might be due to a compensation mechanism.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? In the literature, there are many studies evaluating the association between PCOS and oxidative stress. No research related to antioxidants in clomiphene citrate-sensitive and clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS patients was found in the relevant literature.What do the results of this study add? In this study, the antioxidants catalase and ferroxidase were found to be lower in PCOS women compared to non-PCOS; however, they were the lowest in clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS women. Interestingly, myeloperoxidase, which is a part of oxidative stress, was also found to be higher in the non-PCOS group.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study contributes to the literature because it is the first to compare the relation between CC and oxidant and antioxidant markers. These markers will be a guide for PCOS management in patients with CC-R.

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This study aims to examine the role of ischaemic-modified albumin (IMA) in predicting clomiphene citrate (CC) resistance in patients with CC-resistant and CC-sensitive infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Sixty women patients admitted to the infertility clinic were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 30 infertile PCOS patients with CC resistance; group 2 was the control group comprising 30 infertile PCOS patients with CC sensitivity. Serum IMA levels of PCOS patients with CC resistance were significantly higher than CC sensitivity patients (p < .001). The independent variables BMI and age effects were adjusted according to the logistic regression method with groups. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the levels of IMA (p = .0005), HOMA-IR (p = .0045), insulin (p = .022), free testosterone (p = .0001) and total testosterone (p = .03) values. By using ROC curve analysis for IMA between study and control groups, cut off point of IMA was calculated as 0.505 U/mL, sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 63%. The area under the curve was 0.926. This shows us that more oxidative stress (OS) occurs in the CC-resistant group. As a reflection of OS in the follicular endocrine, microenvironment may be linked with impaired oocyte developmental competence and embryo quality in association with increased IMA, free testosterone, total testosterone, insulin and HOMA-IR levels.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? In previous studies, IMA was compared between PCOS and control groups. In this study, serum IMA levels were measured in infertile PCOS patients resistant to CC for the first time.What the results of this study add? Serum IMA levels were significantly higher in resistant infertile PCOS patients compared to the control group. This shows us that more OS occurs in the CC-resistant group.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? IMA will be a guide for PCOS management in patients with CC-resistant PCOS.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation CC resistant PCOS and the thiol/disulphide homeostasis, used as a marker of OS, by measuring that exchange using a novel technique. Sixty women patients admitted to the infertility clinic were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 30 infertile PCOS patients with CC resistance; Group 2 was the control group comprising 30 infertile PCOS patients with CC sensitivity. Serum total thiol (p = .024), native thiol (p = .0052), disulphide (p = .003), index 1 (p = .001), index 2 (p = .001) and index 3 (p = .001), HOMA-IR (p < .001) and free testosterone (p < .001) were statistically significant. The independent variables BMI and age effects were adjusted according to the logistic regression method with groups. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the levels of native thiol (p* = .0042), total thiol (p* = .024), disulphide (p* = .0003), index 1 (p* = .0001) index 2 (p*= .0001), index 3 (p* = .0001), HOMA-IR (p* = .0044), insulin (p*= .032) and free testosterone (p* = .0001) values. The thiol/disulphide homeostasis viewed in favour of OS. Like a reflection of OS in the follicular endocrine microenvironment may be linked with increased thiol/disulphide homeostasis, free testosterone, insulin and HOMA-IR levels.Impact statementWhat is already known about this subject? In previous studies, thiol/disulphide homeostasis was compared between PCOS and control groups. In this study, serum thiol/disulphide homeostasis was measured in infertile PCOS patients resistant to CC for the first time.What do the results of this study add? Disulphide concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CC resistant patients thanthe control group. This shows us that more OS occurs in the CC-resistant group.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and further research? Thiol/disulphide homeostasis will be a guide for PCOS management in patients with CC-resistant PCOS.

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The aims of this study were to identify the explanatory variables associated with failure of induction of labour (IOL) and to designate nomograms that predict probability. This retrospective study included 1328 singleton term pregnant women (37-42 weeks). The penalised maximum likelihood estimation (PMLE) method was used instead of traditional logistic regression. Of the 25,678 deliveries that occurred during the study period, 1328 (5.1%) women underwent term delivery. Of those, 1125 (84.7%) had successful vaginal deliveries and 203 (15.3%) had failed vaginal deliveries following use of a dinoprostone slow-release vaginal insert. Explanatory variables were discovered that were associated with delivery failure in term pregnancy undergoing induction of labour with an unfavourable cervix, and a nomogram that predicted probability was developed.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? The caesarean rate has continued to climb worldwide over the past decade. Most caesarean sections are performed because of suspected foetal distress or failure to progress. In absolute numbers, most caesarean deliveries are performed in women with a term pregnancy with a foetus in cephalic presentation. Despite these numbers, predicting the mode of delivery by which these women will deliver remains a challenge.What do the results of this study add? Five explanatory variables were strongly associated with failure of dinoprostone delivery of term pregnancies: nulliparity, induction time, premature rupture of membranes, Bishop score and foetal genderWhat are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and further research? The developed nomograms enable fast and easy implementation in clinical practice. After external validation and proof of generalisability, the present model could be used in obstetric clinical management.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on the sexual function of women. Participants who had abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) complaints with LNG-IUSs were included (study registration: Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 2018/10/34). The demographic data of all participants were recorded. The female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to participants before the insertion of LNG-IUSs and 6 months after its insertion. FSFI scores were calculated at both timepoints and were compared. The total FSFI score after LNG-IUS insertion was significantly higher than the total FSFI score application (p < .001). The scores of the desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain categories significantly increased after LNG-IUS compared to those before LNG-IUS. As a result, the present study demonstrated that after LNG-IUS insertion, these women had higher FSFI scores.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? There are many publications in the literature comparing the effects of LNG-IUSs, IUSs, OCs and other contraceptive methods on female sexuality. However, there are markedly few studies that compare sexual function before and after LNG-IUS insertion.What do the results of this study add? The total FSFI score after LNG-IUS insertion was significantly higher than the total FSFI score before the insertion (p < .001). The scores of the desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain categories significantly increased after LNG-IUS insertion compared to those before the application. The number of participants with FSFI scores ≥26.5 before LNG-IUS insertion was 17 (12.5%), and this number increased to 71 (52.5%) after the applicationWhat are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study contributes to the literature because there are few researches that compare sexual function before and after LNG-IUS insertion. As a result of our study, sexual dysfunction decreased after LNG-IUS, and the scores increased in all sub-groups together with the total FSFI scores.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the parameters affecting the treatment success of conservative surgery in cases with placental invasion anomaly. METHODS: Archive files and digital image records of 67 patients with placental invasion anomaly were studied. The patients were divided into two groups, a conservative surgery group and a cesarean hysterectomy group. Demographic data, cervical length, placental localization, placental surface area adhering to previous cesarean section line, preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values, transfused blood products, and surgical complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In the conservative surgery group, the cervical length was longer (p < .001) and the surface area of the placenta in the previous cesarean scar line was smaller (p < .001). For cervical length, the sensitivity and specificity values were 97 and 81%, respectively, when the cut-off value was 35.5 mm. When the cut-off value for the placental surface area in the previous cesarean scar line was 85.5 cm2, the sensitivity and specificity values were 68 and 72%, respectively. In the caesarean hysterectomy group, the preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values were lower (p < .001, p = .003, respectively), and the amount of transfused erythrocyte suspension and fresh frozen plasma were higher (p < .001, p = .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this study, it was concluded that the presence of the nondestructive intact cervical tissue, in the cases with placental invasion anomaly and/or the small size of the placental surface area adhering to the previous cesarean scar line, increase the feasibility of conservative surgery.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare a combination treatment with CC plus letrozole versus gonadotropins in CC-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with regard to ovulation and clinical pregnancy rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred sixteen CC-resistant infertile PCOS patients were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 73) received CC plus letrozole, and Group 2 (n = 43) received gonadotropins. RESULTS: The ovulation rate in Group 1 was 65/73 (89%), the pregnancy rate was 13/73 (18%), the twin foetuses rate was 1/73 (1.3%) and the miscarriage rate was 2/73 (2.7%). In Group 2, the ovulation rate was 41/43 (95%), and the pregnancy rate was 8/43 (19%) the rate of the twin foetuses was 1/43 (2.3%) and the miscarriage rate was 1/43 (2.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the ovulation (p = 0.25), pregnancy (p = 0.91), twin foetuses (p = 0.89) and miscarriage p = 0.89) rates between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This new drug combination suggests that it may be a lower cost, lower risk alternative treatment that increases the rate of ovulation. Larger randomized clinical trials are needed to provide information on live birth rates of this combination.

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OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the thiol/disulfide balance in ketone positive (hyperemesis gravidarum) and ketone negative pregnant women with nausea and vomiting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients under the 14th week of pregnancy were included in this study, and they were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 30 pregnant women with ketone positive, group 2 included 30 ketone negative pregnant women with nausea, and vomiting. RESULTS: The native thiol, disulfide, and total thiol concentrations were measured using an automated method and compared among the two groups. There were also three indexes that are derived from disulfide, native and total thiol (Index 1 = 100 × disulfide/native thiol); (Index 2 = 100 × disulfide/total thiol); (Index 3 = 100 × native thiol/total thiol). When compared with Group 1 and Group 2, total thiol was high, native thiol was low but not statistically significant. Disulphide (p = 0.046), index 1 (p = 0.036) and index 3 (p = 0.034) were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ketone positive are shifting to OS direction due to lack of nutrients and electrolytes. This study emphasizes the therapeutic potential of antioxidant supplementation, which is becoming an increasingly used approach in treating the symptoms of women with ketone positive.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate data on early diagnosis and therapeutic management of rudimentary horn pregnancy (RHP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with RHP at a tertiary center between for two periods of 2008-2012 and 2013-2018 were analysed retrospectively. We obtained information of patients from hospital electronic archive registration system. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, gestational age at presentation, presenting symptoms, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic management were noted and analysed by descriptive statistical method. Demographic datas, the complaint of patient's admission to hospital, history of cesarean section, preliminary diagnosis and intraoperative diagnosis were compared between periods of 2008-2012 and 2013-2018. RESULTS: A total of 14 RHP patients were included. Eight (57.1%) of these patients were diagnosed between 2008-2012 (Group 1), whereas six patients (42.9%) were diagnosed between 2013-2018 (Group 2). Rudimentary horn was non-communicating in 13 patients (92.8%). Communicated form was observed in 1 patient in group 1. RHP was diagnosed on the left side in nine patients (64.2%). Six of these patients were observed in group 1 and 3 were in group 2. The pre-rupture diagnosis was made in 10 (71.4%) patients. Six (100%) of 10 patients were in group 2. In addition, in group 1, four patients (50%) experienced intraoperative RHP rupture. RHP was diagnosed before rupture in 2 (33.3%) patients in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: It is an indication of advanced ultrasonographic technology as well as increased carefulness on the physician side and raised alertness on the patient side that today both RHP and preoperative rupture of RHP are less frequent. Still, further awareness is required among physicians of the necessity of excision of a rudimentary horn that is detected at the time of C-section.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, etiology and obstetric outcomes of rupture in unscarred uterine rupture and in those with a history of uterine rupture MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hospital records of women who had delivered between May 2005 and May 2017 at a tertiary center were examined retrospectively. Data on patients with unscarred uterine rupture in pregnancy who had undergone fertility-preserving surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: During the study period, 185,609 deliveries occurred. Of those, unscarred uterine rupture has occurred in 67 women. There were no ruptures reported in nulliparous women. The rupture was observed in the isthmic region in 60 (89.6%) patients and in the fundus in 7 (10.4%) patients. Thirty-eight (56.7%) patients had undergone a total or subtotal hysterectomy, and 29 (43.3%) patients had received primary repair. Ten patients had reconceived after the repair. Of these, eight patients who had a history of isthmic rupture, successfully delivered by elective C-section at 36-37 wk. of gestation, and two experienced recurrent rupture at 33 and 34 wk. of gestation, respectively. Both patients had a history of fundal rupture, and their inter-pregnancy interval was 9 and 11 mo., respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of rupture in unscarred pregnant uteri was found to be one per 2,770 deliveries. Owing to the high morbidity, regarding more than half of the cases with rupture eventuated in hysterectomy, clinicians should be prudent in induction of labour for multiparous women since it was the main cause of rupture in this series. Short inter-pregnancy intervals and history of fundal rupture may confer a risk for rupture recurrence. Those risk factors for recurrence should be validated in another studies.

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Aim: This study aimed to examine the risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean section (RLACS) due to bleeding.Material and methods: In this retrospective descriptive case-control study, women who underwent RLACS only for bleeding between 2008 and 2019 at a single tertiary center were examined (the center oversees approximately 25,000 deliveries per year). Maternal characteristics, postoperative findings, and surgical features were compared with a control group that included non-complicated cesarean sections (CS). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for relaparotomy.Results: Relaparotomy complicated 0.07% (n = 40) of CS during the study period (n = 58,095). When compared with the control group, age, parity, estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative pulse, blood replacement, and length of hospital stay were statistically higher in patients undergoing relaparotomy, whereas their postoperative systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found to be low. A history of pelvic surgery, the need for intensive care, and complications were more frequent in patients undergoing relaparotomy. When CSs were grouped according to 8-h periods of the day, it emerged that relaparotomies were mostly performed on the patients who underwent CS after working hours. Time interval during the day of the CS [OR: 2.59 (1.10-6.12)] and high postoperative pulse rate [OR: 1.58 (1.28-1.96)] were found to be independent risk indicators for RLACS (AUC: 0.97).Conclusions: Monitoring vital signs in the postoperative period and increasing the number of physicians and nurses during off-hours in hospitals working with on-call duty procedures as determined by the Ministry of Health will reduce the incidence rate of relaparotomy, maternal morbidity, and mortality due to hemorrhage.

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We aimed to evaluate maternal serum thiol/disulphide homeostasis in pregnancies complicated by fetal distress (FD). A total of 100 patients beyond the 34th week of pregnancy were included in this study, and they were divided into two groups. The study group included 50 patients who had been diagnosed with FD; the control group was composed of 50 patients who had shown no signs of FD and who had undergone an elective (previous) caesarean section (CS). The native thiol, total thiol and native thiol/total thiol (%) concentrations were lower in Group 1 patients than Group 2 patients (p < .001). The disulphide, disulphide/native thiol (%) and disulphide/total thiol (%) concentrations were higher in Group 1 patients than Group 2 patients (p < .001). This study suggests that maternal thiol/disulphide homeostasis is impaired in pregnancies complicated by FD.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known about this subject? Oxidative stress (OS) has previously been investigated in FD. This study reports for the first time a new novel and automatic measurement method.What do the results of this study add? This study shows that the thiol balance shifts in the direction of disulphide in the cases of FD.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and further research? Thiol balance can be used for the timely diagnosis of FD.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate maternal serum catalase, myeloperoxidase and ferroxidase levels in pregnant women withHyperemesis Gravidarum and to compare the results with healthy pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, 60 female patients admitted to the Health Sciences University, Gazi Yasargil Trainingand Research Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Department were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups:Group 1 included 30 pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum; Group 2 included 30 healthy pregnant women.Pregnancies over 14 weeks were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The laboratory and laboratory characteristics of both groups are shown in Table 1. No significant differences werefound between the groups in terms of the maternal age, gestational age, gravidity, parity, fasting glucose level, and BMI.The maternal blood CAT levels were significantly higher in the HG group (219.6 ± 111.3 kU/L) when compared to the controlgroup (71.5 ± 52.5 kU/L) (p < 0.001). The maternal blood MPO levels were lower in the control group (121.5 ± 36.3 U/L)than in the study group (90.9 ± 56.4 U/L) (p = 0.016). However, the ferroxidase levels were similar between the twogroups. The independent variables BMI, age, parity, gravidity and gestational week effects were adjusted according to thelogistic regression method with groups. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the levels ofCAT (0.001), MPO (0.005) values. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that antioxidants in response to oxidative stress gave different reactions with differentmechanisms; Also, we believe that insufficient food intake suppresses the immune system and this has an important roleon antioxidants.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical differences and factors affecting early pregnancy outcome in the first and early secondtrimester subchorionic hematoma cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study involved with the retrospective analysis and evaluation of 81 cases diagnosed withsubchorionic hematoma. The patients were grouped according to the gestational periods, symptoms at the time of admission,ratio of surrounding hematoma to the gestational sac, and whether there was a pregnancy loss. The groups werecompared according to the clinical features and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: The ratio of surrounding hematoma to the gestational sac in the group with pregnancy loss was significantly higher(p = 0.002). When the cut-off value was 35.5%, it could determine the possibility of a complication in pregnancy with 70%sensitivity and 75% specificity. Nonspecific pelvic pain were significantly higher in the pregnancy loss group than in theother group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of these two parameters on the pregnancyoutcome. Although the presence of non-specific pelvic pain is more in the group with pregnancy loss; there was no effectof on pregnancy outcome (p = 0.141). The risk of pregnancy loss increased 4.5 fold if the ratio of ScH to gestational sacwas above 35% (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: In the cases of subchorionic hematoma, we concluded that when the ratio of surrounding hematoma tothe gestational sac increased and when it was accompanied by nonspecific pelvic pain, the hospitalization period of thepatients increased and the ratio of pregnancy loss was higher.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify whether red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) and mean platelet volume (MPV) levels can predict clomiphene citrate resistance (CC-R) in infertile, anovulatory females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: A total of 89 infertile patients who were admitted to a tertiary center diagnosed with non-obese PCOS were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group comprised 53 non-obese patients with PCOS and CC-R, and the second group included 36 non-obese patients with PCOS and CC-S. RDW-CV, RDW-SD, and MPV values, along with routine whole blood count parameters were compared between the groups. RESULTS: RDW-CV values were found to be significantly higher in the patients with CC-R compared to those with CC-S (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were found to be 69%, 58.1%, 34.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, at an RDW-CV level of 12.85. The odds ratio was calculated as 3.077 (95% CI 1.245-7.603) in terms of the cut-off point. CONCLUSION: We think that RDW-CV which is a marker of inflammation is a simple, cheap, and accessible marker for the prediction of CC resistance.

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