RESUMEN
The Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been applied to determine salivary biomarkers with high sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that the spectral profile of saliva demonstrates distinct vibrational modes corresponding to different exercise protocols, thereby facilitating exercise monitoring. Saliva samples were collected from trained male subjects at three intervals: pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 3 h post-exercise. The protocols included acute sessions of continuous exercise (CE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and resistance exercise (RE). ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that salivary biochemical components changed uniquely with each exercise protocol. Specific spectral vibrational modes were identified as potential biomarkers for each exercise type. Notably, the salivary spectrum pattern of CE closely resembled that of HIIE, whereas RE showed minor alterations. Furthermore, we attempted to apply an algorithm capable of distinguishing the spectral range that differentiates the exercise modalities. This pioneering study is the first to compare changes in saliva spectra following different exercise protocols and to suggest spectrum peaks of vibrational modes as markers for specific types of exercises. We emphasize that the spectral wavenumbers identified by FTIR could serve as practical markers in distinguishing between different exercise modalities, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy correlating with the metabolic changes induced by exercise. Therefore, this study contributes a panel of ATR-FTIR spectral wavenumbers that can be referenced as a spectral signature capable of distinguishing between resistance and endurance exercises.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Saliva , Humanos , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Masculino , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análisisRESUMEN
Restraint and cold stress increase both corticosterone and glycemia, which lead to oxidative damages in hepatic tissue. This study assessed the effect of royal jelly (RJ) supplementation on the corticosterone level, glycemia, plasma enzymes and hepatic antioxidant system in restraint and cold stressed rats. Wistar rats were allocated into no-stress, stress, no-stress supplemented with RJ and stress supplemented with RJ groups. Initially, RJ (200mg/Kg) was administered for fourteen days and stressed groups were submitted to chronic stress from the seventh day. The results showed that RJ supplementation decreases corticosterone levels and improves glycemia control after stress induction. RJ supplementation also decreased the body weight, AST, ALP and GGT. Moreover, RJ improved total antioxidant capacity, SOD activity and reduced GSH, GR and lipoperoxidation in the liver. Thus, RJ supplementation reestablished the corticosterone levels and the hepatic antioxidant system in stressed rats, indicating an adaptogenic and hepatoprotective potential of RJ.
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Ácidos Grasos , Hígado/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Enfermedad Crónica , Frío , Corticosterona/sangre , Inmovilización , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plants preparations are used by traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases, such as type-2 diabetes mellitus. Some medicinal plants are capable of controlling the complications of this metabolic disease at different levels, for example, providing antioxidant compounds that act against oxidative stress and protein glycation and others which are capable of inhibiting the catalysis of digestive enzymes and thus contribute to the reduction of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Our objective was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-glycation activities of some medicinal plants and their potential inhibitory against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the ethnobotanical researches carried out by academic studies conducted at the Federal University of Uberlandia, ten plants traditionally used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Ethanol (EtOH) and hexane (Hex) extracts of specific parts of these plants were used in enzymatic assays to evaluate their inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase, as well as their antioxidant (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP) and anti-glycation (BSA/fructose model) capacities. RESULTS: The results indicate that EtOH extract of four of the ten analyzed plants exhibited more than 70% of antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities, and α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activities; no extract was able to inhibit more than 40% the α-glucosidase activity. The EtOH extracts of Bauhinia forficata and Syzygium. cumini inhibited α-amylase (IC50 8.17 ± 2.24 and 401.8 ± 14.7 µg/mL, respectively), whereas EtOH extracts of B. forficata, Chamomilla recutita and Echinodorus grandiflorus inhibited lipase (IC50 59.6 ± 10.8, 264.2 ± 87.2 and 115.8 ± 57.1 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, EtOH extracts of B. forficata, S. cumini, C. recutita and E. grandiflorus showed, respectively, higher antioxidant capacity (DPPH IC50 0.7 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.2, 1.3 ± 0.2 and 35.3 ± 9.0 µg/mL) and anti-glycation activity (IC50 22.7 ± 4.4, 246.2 ± 81.7, 18.5 ± 2.8 and 339.0 ± 91.0 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: EtOH extracts of four of the ten species popularly cited for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus have shown promising antioxidant and anti-glycation properties, as well as the ability to inhibit the digestive enzymes α-amylase and lipase. Thus, our results open new possibilities for further studies in order to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of these medicinal plants.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas , Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Plantas Medicinales/química , alfa-Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antioxidantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Páncreas/enzimología , alfa-GlucosidasasRESUMEN
AIMS: Inflammation induced by hyperglycemia triggers the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway into cells. Our hypothesis was that metformin treatment attenuates the TLR signaling pathways triggered by inflammation in skeletal muscle of hypoinsulinemic/hyperglycemic STZ-induced rats. Thus, we examined TLR signaling under hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia conditions and its correlation with insulin resistance in muscle of diabetic rats treated with metformin. METHODS: Ten-day diabetic rats were submitted to 7 days of saline (D group) or metformin (500 mg/kg once per day) (D + M group). The skeletal muscle was collected before the insulin tolerance test. Then, Western blotting analysis of skeletal muscle supernatant was probed with TLR4, TLR2, NF-κB, IκB, p-AMPK and p-JNK. TNF-α and CXCL1/KC content was analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS: Metformin treatment increased whole-body insulin sensitivity. This regulation was accompanied by a parallel change of p-AMPK and by an inverse regulation of TLR4 and NF-κB contents in the soleus muscle (r = 0.7229, r = -0.8344 and r = -0.7289, respectively, Pearson correlation; p < 0.05). Metformin treatment increased IκB content when compared to D rats. In addition, metformin treatment decreased p-JNK independently of TLR2 signal in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: In summary, the results indicate a relationship between muscular TLR4, p-AMPK and NF-κB content and insulin sensitivity. The study also highlights that in situations of insulin resistance, such as in diabetic subjects, metformin treatment may prevent attenuation of activation of the inflammatory pathway.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Metformina/administración & dosificación , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor Toll-Like 4/inmunología , Animales , Quimiocina CXCL1/genética , Quimiocina CXCL1/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inmunología , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/inmunología , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/inmunología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Restraint and cold stress induces the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to release corticosterone from the adrenal gland, which can worsen the antioxidant defense system in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the corticosterone levels and the antioxidant defense system in the cerebellum and brain, as well as in its isolated regions, such as cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of stressed rats supplemented with royal jelly (RJ). Wistar rats were supplemented with RJ for 14days and the stress induction started on the 7th day. Stressed rats increased corticosterone levels, glycemia and lipid peroxidation in the brain and cerebellum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus besides reduced glutathione defense system in the brain and striatum. Rats supplemented with RJ decreased corticosterone, maintained glycemia and decreased lipid peroxidation in the brain, cerebellum, as well as striatum and hippocampus, besides improved glutathione defense system in cerebral cortex and striatum. This study suggests an anti-stress and neuroprotective effect of RJ under stress conditions.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Corticosterona/sangre , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Frío , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas Wistar , Restricción FísicaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of unstimulated and stimulated saliva collection methods, as well as tooth brushing, on the secretion rate of salivary total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase. Saliva of 14 healthy individuals were collected with stimulation using Salivette®, Parafilm® and chewing gum and without stimulation from spit with and without fluid accumulation, before and after oral hygiene. Total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase concentration (sAA) were evaluated. The collection of saliva stimulated with Parafilm® and chewing gum increased the salivary flow (1.5 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 0.7 mL/min, respectively) and the secretion rate of salivary total protein (1.0 ± 0.2 and 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/min, respectively). Also, chewing gum increases the salivary nitrite secretion (213 ± 58 nmol/min) and total antioxidant capacity (410 ± 47 nmol trolox eq/min). Interestingly, the unstimulated method without saliva accumulation prior to collection resulted in low sAA levels (23,531 ± 7979 pixel density). Furthermore, oral hygiene decreased salivary flow (1.3 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.4 mL/min), reduced the secretion rate of total protein (1.0 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/min, p < .05) and increased sAA (13,159 ± 7114 to 20,075 ± 25,656 pixel density, p < .05). The type of stimulation can activate autonomous receptors responsible for the secretion and composition of saliva. Therefore, the evaluation of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers is important for understanding and standardizing variations in salivary composition to strengthen the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid.
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Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Higiene Bucal , Saliva/metabolismo , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/metabolismo , Salivación , Cepillado Dental , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A polyphenol-enriched fraction from Annona crassiflora fruit peel (Ac-Pef) containing chlorogenic acid, (epi)catechin, procyanidin B2, and caffeoyl-glucoside was investigated against hepatic oxidative and nitrosative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Serum biochemical parameters, hepatic oxidative and nitrosative status, glutathione defense system analysis, and in silico assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the main compounds of Ac-Pef were carried out. Ac-Pef treatment during 30 days decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as hepatic lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and nitration, inducible nitric oxide synthase level, and activities and expressions of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. There were increases in antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase activity, and reduced glutathione level. ADMET predictions of Ac-Pef compounds showed favorable absorption and distribution, with no hepatotoxicity. A. crassiflora fruit peel showed hepatoprotective properties, indicating a promising natural source of bioactive molecules for prevention and therapy of diabetes complications.
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Annona/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Polifenoles/administración & dosificación , Sustancias Protectoras/administración & dosificación , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/química , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Glutatión Peroxidasa/sangre , Humanos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Polifenoles/química , Sustancias Protectoras/química , RatasRESUMEN
The present study examined the incidence of chronic stress in business executives (109 subjects: 75 male and 34 female) and its relationship with cortisol levels, cognitive performance, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity after an acute mental stressor. Blood samples were collected from the subjects to measure cortisol concentration. After the sample collection, the subjects completed the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults and the Stroop Color-Word Test to evaluate stress and cognitive performance levels, respectively. Saliva samples were collected prior to, immediately after, and five minutes after the test. The results revealed that 90.1% of the stressed subjects experienced stress phases that are considered chronic stress. At rest, the subjects with chronic stress showed higher cortisol levels, and no gender differences were observed. No differences were found between the stressed and non-stressed subjects regarding salivary amylase activity prior to test. Chronic stress also impaired performance on the Stroop test, which revealed higher rates of error and longer reaction times in the incongruent stimulus task independently of gender. For the congruent stimulus task of the Stroop test, the stressed males presented a higher rate of errors than the non-stressed males and a longer reaction time than the stressed females. After the acute mental stressor, the non-stressed male group showed an increase in salivary alpha-amylase activity, which returned to the initial values five minutes after the test; this ANS reactivity was not observed in the chronically stressed male subjects. The ANS responses of the non-stressed vs stressed female groups were not different prior to or after the Stroop test. This study is the first to demonstrate a blunted reactivity of the ANS when male subjects with chronic psychological stress were subjected to an acute mental stressor, and this change could contribute to impairments in cognitive performance.
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Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Cognición/fisiología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/fisiopatología , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Estrés Psicológico/sangreRESUMEN
Honey bees have brain structures with specialized and developed systems of communication that account for memory, learning capacity and behavioral organization with a set of genes homologous to vertebrate genes. Many microtubule- and actin-based molecular motors are involved in axonal/dendritic transport. Myosin-Va is present in the honey bee Apis mellifera nervous system of the larvae and adult castes and subcastes. DYNLL1/LC8 and myosin-IIb, -VI and -IXb have also been detected in the adult brain. SNARE proteins, such as CaMKII, clathrin, syntaxin, SNAP25, munc18, synaptophysin and synaptotagmin, are also expressed in the honey bee brain. Honey bee myosin-Va displayed ATP-dependent solubility and was associated with DYNLL1/LC8 and SNARE proteins in the membrane vesicle-enriched fraction. Myosin-Va expression was also decreased after the intracerebral injection of melittin and NMDA. The immunolocalization of myosin-Va and -IV, DYNLL1/LC8, and synaptophysin in mushroom bodies, and optical and antennal lobes was compared with the brain morphology based on Neo-Timm histochemistry and revealed a distinct and punctate distribution. This result suggested that the pattern of localization is associated with neuron function. Therefore, our data indicated that the roles of myosins, DYNLL1/LC8, and SNARE proteins in the nervous and visual systems of honey bees should be further studied under different developmental, caste and behavioral conditions.
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Abejas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Miosinas/metabolismo , Proteínas SNARE/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa Tipo 2 Dependiente de Calcio Calmodulina/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Meliteno , N-Metilaspartato , Sinaptofisina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The consumption of royal jelly (RJ) determines the differences between castes and behavioral development in the honeybee Apis mellifera. However, it is not known whether the proteins of RJ are related to these differences, or which proteins are responsible for the changes. To understand the functions of RJ proteins that are present in other tissues of the bee, in addition to hypopharyngeal gland, we used a polyclonal antibody anti-MRJP1 to investigate the presence of this protein in nervous system of honeybee. This study showed the presence of three polypeptides (p57, p70 and p128) in specific tissues of bee brain. Mushroom body, optic lobe and antennal lobe neuropils all contained proteins recognized by anti-MRJP1. Proteomic analysis showed that the three polypeptides are correlated with proteins of the MRJP family. p57 is correlated with MRJP1, p70 with MRJP3, while p128 may be an oligomeric form or a new polypeptide. Immunostaining of the brain and hypopharyngeal gland revealed differential expression of MRJPs in various brain regions and in different honeybee castes and subcastes. The identification and localization of these MRJPs contribute to the elucidation of the biological roles of this protein family.