RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Russian invasion of Ukraine has driven millions of Ukrainians away from their homes. Among these, the majority have likely experienced war-related potentially traumatic events, and some will experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aims of the study are to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in displaced Ukrainians and examine associations between war- and other potentially traumatic exposures and (C)PTSD. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed to all registered adult Ukrainians (18+) who arrived in Denmark between February 24th 2022 and February 15th 2023 (N = 18,389). We estimate the prevalence of war exposures, other potentially traumatic exposures, and (C)PTSD. In logistic regression analyses, we test if exposure to war and other potentially traumatic events are associated with PTSD and CPTSD. RESULTS: The final sample size was 6993 (38.0 %). Responders were more likely to be female and younger than non-responders. Prevalence of PTSD and CPTSD was 15.9 % and 13.5 %, respectively. Female gender, high education, and loss of a relative due to the war were associated with (C)PTSD. Direct and indirect exposure to war and combat was related to PTSD but not CPTSD, while exposure to war prior to the 2022 invasion was related to CPTSD but not PTSD. LIMITATIONS: The study is cross-sectional and based on self-report. CONCLUSION: Close to one third of the sample fulfill the criteria of PTSD or CPTSD. War exposures are differentially related to PTSD and CPTSD. The findings illustrate that trauma-related psychopathology is a pertinent problem in displaced Ukrainians.
Asunto(s)
Refugiados , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Humanos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Femenino , Ucrania/epidemiología , Masculino , Adulto , Refugiados/estadística & datos numéricos , Refugiados/psicología , Prevalencia , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Estudios de Cohortes , Anciano , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
GAD65 and GAD67 are two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase which catalyze the production of GABA from glutamate, primarily in the brain. However, GAD and GABA also prevail in the retina, testes and islets of Langerhans. The main function of GABA is in neurotransmission, and it is involved in paracrine signalling in islets, but has also been suggested to play a role as a trophic factor in synaptogenesis and to be an important metabolite feeding into the tricarboxylic acid cycle via the GABA-shunt. Both GAD isoforms are subject to regulation, e.g. by synaptic activity. GAD65 is regulated at the level of enzyme activity by association and dissociation from its cofactor, PLP, whereas GAD67 is controlled at the level of its mRNA. To study this process in further detail, we have isolated and characterized the 5'-flanking region of the rat GAD67 gene. We report the transcriptional initiation sites and promoter sequences important for expression in islet beta-cells and C6 glioma cells, and demonstrate that the GAD67 promoter harbors elements that are responsive to glucose in primary islet cells.
Asunto(s)
Glucosa/metabolismo , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/genética , Isoenzimas/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Transcripción Genética , Región de Flanqueo 5' , Regiones no Traducidas 5' , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Sitios de Unión , Línea Celular , Mapeo Cromosómico , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Exones , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Ratas , Factor de Transcripción Sp1/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Genetic diversity and differentiation were studied in peripheral populations of the recently rediscovered purse-web spider Atypus affinis in Denmark and Sweden using allozyme electrophoresis. Because of the very narrow environmental niche exploited by this species, only a limited number of potential habitats are available. Furthermore, fragmentation has reduced the number and size of potential habitats within the last century. The level of genetic diversity in A. affinis was intermediate compared with other nonsocial spiders, but low compared with invertebrates in general. Significant genetic differentiation was found within distances of only 1-10 km with FST estimates ranging from 0.020 to 0.075. Within distances of 30-60 km FST ranged from 0.081 to 0.312. Hierarchical FST revealed that genetic variability was partitioned at 89.8% within populations, 9.5% among populations within regions and only 0.7% among the four main regions in Denmark and Sweden. Comparing the result of the genetic analysis with the life history of A. affinis, it is concluded that the level of successful dispersal is low, and that the species has not recently reinvaded northern Europe but prevailed undiscovered for several decades. Finally, it is suggested that the genetic scenario found for A. affinis might represent that for a wide range of other arthropods with similar life history characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Genética de Población , Arañas/genética , Animales , Dinamarca , Femenino , Heterocigoto , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Polimorfismo Genético , SueciaRESUMEN
Glucose-stimulated expression of the insulin gene in beta cells is mediated by the PDX-1 transcription factor. In this report, we show that stimulation results from effects on activation and DNA-binding potential. Thus, glucose specifically stimulated expression in MIN6 beta cells from chimeras of PDX-1 and the GAL4 DNA-binding domain which spanned the N-terminal PDX-1 activation domain located between amino acids 1 to 79. GAL4:PDX activity was induced over physiological glucose concentrations and was also regulated by effectors of this response. The level of endogenous PDX-1 binding and phosphorylation were also induced under these conditions. We discuss how changes in PDX-1 phosphorylation may influence activity in glucose-treated beta cells.