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BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem, due to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The misuse of antimicrobials is the main cause of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to report antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in a secondary care hospital in Mexico. METHODS: Within a cross-sectional study, antimicrobial resistance data on ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and antibiotic consumption from 2020 to 2022 were collected. Antimicrobial resistance was reported based on percentages of resistance and consumption was analyzed using the defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed days and the AWaRe (Access, Surveillance, Reservation) antibiotic group. RESULTS: Antibiotic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022 was 330, 175 and 175 DDD/100 beds day, respectively. The rate of ceftriaxone resistance in E. coli (n = 526) and K. pneumoniae (n = 80) was 76% and 69%, respectively, the rate of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii (n = 168) and P. aeruginosa (n = 108) was 92% and 52%, respectively; the rate of oxacillin resistance in S. aureus (n = 208) was 27%; and the rate of vancomycin resistance in E. faecium (n = 68) was 47%. CONCLUSION: The reported results are congruent with global estimates of antibiotic resistance and consumption, providing an overview that could generate actions for antimicrobial optimization at the local and regional levels.
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BACKGROUND: Adequate gestational weight gain (GWG) is essential for maternal and fetal health. GWG may be a sign of higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accretion. A higher proportion of VAT is associated with an inflammatory process that may play a role in the fetal programming of obesity. This study aimed to (1) compare the expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses (TLR2, TLR4, NFκB, IKKß, IL-1RA, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) in the VAT of pregnant women according to GWG and (2) explore whether VAT inflammation and GWG are related to offspring anthropometric measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 women scheduled for cesarean section who delivered term infants were included in the study. We collected maternal omental VAT, and the expression of genes was examined with RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Women with excessive and with adequate GWG had significantly higher expressions of most inflammatory genes than women with insufficient GWG. Neonates from mothers with excessive GWG had greater birth weight and chest circumference than those from mothers with insufficient GWG. GWG was positively correlated with fetal birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: The VAT expression of most genes associated with inflammatory pathways was higher in excessive and adequate GWG than in pregnant women with insufficient GWG. Moreover, GWG was found to be positively associated with newborn weight.
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OBJECTIVES: Maternal obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is positively correlated with neonatal obesity increasing the risk of adiposity in both young and adult offspring. Maternal secreted factors from adipose tissue such as adipokines and inflammatory cytokines may regulate fetal growth. This study investigated associations between maternal adipokines and inflammatory markers at late gestation, and neonatal anthropometric characteristics in mothers with and without GDM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 65 women with GDM and 65 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance evaluated at the time of term elective Caesarean section. Adiponectin, leptin, resistin, adipsin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), nerve growth factor (NGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were measured in maternal serum by the multiplex immunoassay using Magpix technology. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay and neonatal anthropometric variables were assessed. The association of birthweight with individual biomarkers was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for maternal factors. RESULTS: Adiponectin, leptin, resistin, adipsin, NGAL and NGF were not significantly associated with higher birthweight. The maternal factors in association with higher birthweight observed in GDM were CRP, MCP-1 and TNF-alpha levels. Regression analysis showed that TNF-alpha was an independent risk factor for higher birthweight (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an involvement of maternal inflammatory markers at late gestation and fetal growth in mothers with GDM, and that TNF-alpha could play a major role.
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BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Some mechanisms through which obesity can lead to cancer development are insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), adipokines, and microRNAs (miRs). The objective of the study was to determine whether miR-17-5p, miR-195-5p, and miR-221-3p expressions were deregulated in serum samples of obese and nonobese postmenopausal women with BC. In addition, insulin, adiponectin, leptin and IGFs were analyzed. METHODS: Fifty postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed BC and 50 postmenopausal healthy women were evaluated. Differences in miRs between BC and healthy cases and between obese and lean participants were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curves for miRs for discriminating patients with or without BC were established, and relationships between the miRs, adipokines, and breast tumor characteristics were also investigated. RESULTS: miR-17-5p and miR-195-5p were higher in patients with BC in comparison to the controls, while miR-221-3p and adiponectin were significantly lower. Increased levels of miR-195-5p allowed the differentiation of BC from controls with a sensitivity of 83.3 and a specificity of 78.3%, and were associated with lobular and poorly differentiated cancer. There was no difference in miRs levels between obese and lean groups. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating miRs and adiponectin were deregulated in postmenopausal women with BC.
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Adiponectina/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , MicroARNs/sangre , Obesidad/sangre , Somatomedinas/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Leptina/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Posmenopausia/sangre , Curva ROC , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación del ácido úrico con los parámetros metabólicos, antropométricos, leptina y adiponectina, en mujeres posmenopáusicas en quienes se incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y descriptivo efectuado en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Parámetros de estudio: mediciones antropométricas (bioimpedancia eléctrica), concentraciones de glucosa, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos (por métodos enzimáticos), adiponectina, leptina e insulina (por radioinmunoensayo). Cálculo de la resistencia a la insulina por el método HOMA-IR. Descripción de variables con promedio y desviación estándar. Análisis estadístico, con prueba de correlación de Pearson, para determinación de la relación entre el ácido úrico y las variables de estudio y regresión múltiple para determinación de los parámetros con mayor influencia en el ácido úrico. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 90 mujeres posmenopáusicas de 55 a 84 años, con edad promedio de 63.7 años. La concentración promedio de ácido úrico de las participantes fue de 4.9 mg/dL. En el análisis bivariado los parámetros antropométricos, el LDL-c, los triglicéridos y la leptina se asociaron positivamente con el ácido úrico y el HDL-c y la adiponectina de forma negativa. En el análisis multivariado la grasa corporal se asoció con el ácido úrico, independientemente del peso corporal (beta = 0.592; p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONES: En mujeres posmenopáusicas, las concentraciones anormales de ácido úrico se relacionan con un perfil cardiometabólico adverso.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between uric acid and metabolic and anthropometric parameters and adipokines leptin and adiponectin in post-menopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in post-menopausal women. Anthropometric measurements were taken by electric bioimpedance, and fasting venous blood samples were taken to determine glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides by enzyme techniques, and levels of adiponectin, leptin and insulin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA-IR. The variables were described with mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson correlation test to evaluate the relation between uric acid and the study variables, and a multiple regression was performed to determine the parameters with greatest influence on uric acid. RESULTS: The study included 90 post-menopausal women aged 55 to 84 years. The average age of the participants was 63.7 years, and the average concentration of uric acid was 4.9 mg/dL. In bivariate analysis, anthropometric parameters, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and leptin showed positive association with uric acid, and HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin had a negative one. In multiple regression analysis, body fat associated with uric acid independent of body weight (beta=0.592, p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Uric acid relates with an adverse cardio-metabolic profile in post-menopausal women.