RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The effect of tenidap on the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway was investigated in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND TREATMENT: In vitro (cells). Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia, (RBL) cells; A23817 activated neutrophils (human rat, and rabbit), macrophages (rat), and blood (human). In vitro (enzyme activity). RBL-cell homogenate; purified human recombinant 5-LO. In vivo: Rat (Sprague-Dawley) models in which peritoneal leukotriene products were measured after challenge with zymosan (3 animals per group), A23187 (11 animals per group), and immune complexes (3-5 animals per group), respectively. METHODS: 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs, including LTB4) were measured as radiolabeled products (derived from [14C]-AA) or by absorbance at 235 or 280 nm, respectively, after separation by HPLC. Radiolabeled 5-HPETE was measured by a radio-TLC analyser after separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Deacylation of membrane bound [14C]-AA was determined by measuring radiolabel released into the extracellular medium. 5-LO translocation from cytosol to membrane was assessed by western analysis. Rat peritoneal fluid was assayed for PGE, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, LTE4 or LTB4 content by EIA and for TXB2 by RIA. RESULTS: Tenidap suppressed 5-LO mediated product production in cultured rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells from exogenously supplied AA, and in human and rat neutrophils, and rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated with A23187 (IC50, 5-15 microM). In addition, tenidap was less potent in inhibiting the release of radiolabeled AA from RBL-1 cells (IC50, 180 microM), suggesting that the decrease in 5-LO derived products could not be explained by an effect on cellular mobilization of AA (i.e., phospholipase). Tenidap blocked 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) production by dissociated RBL-1 cell preparations (IC50, 7 microM), as well as by a 100000 x g supernatant of 5-LO/hydroperoxidase activity, suggesting a direct effect on the 5-LO enzyme itself. In addition, tenidap impaired 5-LO translocation from cytosol to its membrane-bound docking protein (FLAP) which occurs when human neutrophils are stimulated with calcium ionophore, indicating a second mechanism for inhibiting the 5-LO pathway. Surprisingly, tenidap did not block the binding of radiolabeled MK-0591, an indole ligand of FLAP, to neutrophil membranes. Although its ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway was readily observed in whole blood and in vivo, tenidap's 5-LO blockade could not be demonstrated by ionophore stimulated human blood, nor after oral dosing in rat models in which peritoneal leukotriene products were measured after challenge with three different stimuli. The presence of extracellular proteins greatly reduced the potency of tenidap as a 5-LO inhibitor in vitro, suggesting that protein binding is responsible for loss of activity in animal models. CONCLUSIONS: Tenidap inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity in vitro both directly and indirectly by interfering with its translocation from cytosol to the membrane compartment in neutrophils. A potential mechanism for the latter effect is discussed with reference to tenidap's ability to lower intracellular pH. Tenidap did not inhibit 5-LO pathway activity in three animal models.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/toxicidad , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/toxicidad , Indoles/toxicidad , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Araquidonato 5-Lipooxigenasa/sangre , Araquidonato 5-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/toxicidad , Calcimicina/toxicidad , Factores Quimiotácticos/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/administración & dosificación , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxieicosatetraenoicos/metabolismo , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Indoles/administración & dosificación , Ionóforos/toxicidad , Leucemia Basofílica Aguda/enzimología , Leucemia Basofílica Aguda/patología , Leucotrieno B4/metabolismo , Leucotrieno E4/metabolismo , Activación Neutrófila/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/citología , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/enzimología , Oxindoles , Conejos , Radioinmunoensayo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tromboxano B2/metabolismo , Zimosan/toxicidadRESUMEN
C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are a useful plasma protein measure that correlate with disease severity and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We compared 3 drugs with different mechanisms, i.e., tenidap, dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide, on both CRP levels and soft tissue swelling in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. CRP rose from a normal concentration of approximately 400 micrograms/ml during the first phase of adjuvant arthritis to approximately 1200 micrograms/ml (primary response), then fell to approximately 900 micrograms/ml and rose again as the disease became systemic during the secondary response to approximately 1400 micrograms/ml. When treatment was administered prophylactically, tenidap and dexamethasone suppressed both the primary and secondary CRP and swelling responses. Cyclophosphamide was without effect in the primary response, but inhibited both swelling and CRP in the secondary response. When therapeutic treatment was begun after secondary disease was established, only tenidap and dexamethasone inhibited CRP and swelling. Both dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide decreased lymphocyte numbers during treatment whereas lymphocyte numbers were elevated during tenidap treatment, suggesting a different mechanism of action for tenidap. CRP levels were more closely linked to the rate of change of paw swelling (disease progression) than to paw volume.