RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) is an overreaction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to various stimuli and is characterized by hyperalgesia and/or allodynia. VH contributes to the etiology of many GI dysfunctions, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although the exact mechanisms underlying VH are yet to be found, inflammation and oxidative stress, psychosocial factors, and sensorimotor alterations may play significant roles in it. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we provide an overview of VH and its pathophysiological function in GI disorders. Adverse effects of synthetic drugs may make herbal agents a good candidate for pain management. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss the efficacy of herbal agents in the management of VH with a focus on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials. METHODS: Data were extracted from clinical and animal studies published in English between 2004 and June, 2020, which were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. RESULTS: Overall, Radix, Melissia, Glycyrrhizae, Mentha, and Liquorice were the most efficient herbals for VH management in IBS and dyspepsia, predominantly through modulation of the mRNA expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) and suppression of 5- hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) or the serotonin receptors. CONCLUSION: Considering the positive effects of herbal formulations in VH management, further research on novel herbal and/or herbal/chemical preparations is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Humanos , Animales , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Preparaciones de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Dolor Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismoRESUMEN
The ageing process influences body composition and could be related to bone health. The current study was set out to evaluate the association between body adiposity index (BAI) and bone health in older adults. This is a cross-sectional study performed on 178 elderly persons (51 men and 127 women) with a mean age of 67.04 (range: 60-83) who was referred to the determined 25 health centres in Tehran. The anthropometric measurements were done. Further, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), parathormone (PTH), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), osteocalcin and urine C-terminal telopeptide I (CTX-I) were collected. The mean of body mass index (P < .001), body weight (P = .002), body fat (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), hip circumference (P < .001), urine CTX-I concentration (P = .011), 25(OH)D (P = .030), was higher in the highest BAI category in comparison with the lowest one. BAI was negatively correlated with urine CTX-I concentration (r=-0.165, P = .028). Moreover, linear regression showed an inverse association between BAI with urine CTX-I (ß = -0.165, P = .025) and 25(OH)D (ß = -0.039, P = .029). Moreover, the percentage of body fat was positively associated with serum hs-CRP (ß = 0.026, P = .002). Our study showed a significant inverse association between BAI with urinary CTX-I which shows the effect of obesity on bone health. This study suggests that more clinical and prospective studies for monitoring body fat may have some favourable impacts on bone health.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Densidad Ósea , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , Masculino , Obesidad , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia in the old age population, making it a worldwide concern. Unfortunately, few drugs have been presented for treatment of mild and moderate AD. To meet this need, more effective anti-AD agents are emerging. Accumulating evidence supports the beneficial roles of natural-based products in brain function, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and the prevention of amyloid fibrillation and neuronal injury. Several in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies suggest that saffron (its bioactive compounds) is a potential nutraceutical with antioxidant, radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, neuroendocrine, and neuroprotective effects. It has also been proposed that saffron may delay the onset of AD, prevent its progression or help to attenuate the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive search on this plant and its derivatives for AD treatment. Saffron and its active constituents interfere with AD by improving learning behavior, spatial memory, and cognitive function; protecting against neuronal loss; inhibiting beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity; preventing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation; suppressing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; and reducing neuroinflammation. Given conclusive scientific findings, saffron and its derivatives might counter neurodegenerative diseases through multiple pathways. Further clinical trials are expected to confirm the neuroprotective properties of this herb and also to translate such findings to improve patients' outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/psicología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Crocus/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Animales , Crocus/metabolismo , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) belong to a subgroup of persistent, long-term, progressive, and relapsing inflammatory conditions. IBD may spontaneously develop in the colon, resulting in tumor lesions in inflamed regions of the intestine, such as invasive carcinoma. The benefit of opioids for IBD treatment is still questionable, thereby we investigated databases to provide an overview in this context. This review demonstrates the controversial role of opioids in IBD therapy, their physiological and pharmacological functions in attenuating the IBD symptoms, and in improving inflammatory, oxidative stress, and the quality of life factors in IBD subjects. Data were extracted from clinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies in English, between 1995 and 2019, from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library. Based on recent reports, there are promising opportunities to target the opioid system and control the IBD symptoms. This study suggests a novel approach for future treatment of functional and inflammatory disorders such as IBD.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Crohn/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Opioides/genética , Animales , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Colitis Ulcerosa/genética , Colitis Ulcerosa/inmunología , Colitis Ulcerosa/patología , Enfermedad de Crohn/genética , Enfermedad de Crohn/inmunología , Enfermedad de Crohn/patología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/inmunología , Ratones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Receptores Opioides/inmunología , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder with negative impacts on quality of life of patients. Although the etiology of the disease is still unclear, there are a set of mechanisms and factors involved in IBS pathogenesis. Visceral hypersensitivity, impaired gut barrier, along with minor inflammation and oxidative stress are the most important triggers for IBS induction. Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has been shown to improve gut barrier, downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce free radical production through antioxidative mechanisms, and exert anti-nociceptive effects against somatic pain. An electronic search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library was performed and relevant clinical, in vivo and in vitro articles published between 2004 and June 2020 were collected. Search terms included "Irritable Bowel Syndrome" OR "IBS" OR "visceral hypersensitivity" OR "motility dysfunction" AND "peroxisome proliferator activated receptors" OR "PPAR". Herein, the efficacy of PPARγ signaling as a potential target for IBS treatment is reviewed.