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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Many people are exposed to vibration (WBV) in their occupational lives. The biodynamic responses of the human body in sitting conditions have been widely measured under whole-body vibration (WBV). The measures are most often expressed in terms of force-motion relations at the driving-point, namely, mechanical impedance, apparent mass and absorbed power, and flow of vibration through the body, such as seat-to-head and body segments vibration transmissibility. The absorbed power is a measure of the energy absorbed by the subject due to the external forces applied to the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The body behaves like a vibrating physical system with distributed energy-storage elements (masses, springs) and energy-dissipation elements (dampers). The total quantity of power can be divided into 2 components - one real and one imaginary. The real component reflects the energy-absorbing part of the system, due to the transformation of friction into heat within the tissues. The imaginary component reflects the energy-storing part of the system which does not consume any vibration energy. RESULTS: The seated human is modeled as a series 4-DOF dynamic models. After introduction of the excitation, the response in particular segments of the model can be analyzed. As an example, the vibration power dissipated in an operator's body segments has been determined as a function of the agricultural combination operating speed 1.4 - 2.75 ms(-1). CONCLUSIONS: The concept of absorbed power as a measurement for evaluation of WBV exposure opens a new area for research. The important character of absorbed power is that it has physical significance and therefore can be measured as well as computed analytically. The absorbed power relates to dissipation of energy attributed to relative motions of the visco-elastic tissues, muscles and skeletal system, which under prolonged exposures could lead to physical damage in the musculoskeletal system. A structural model of the human operator allows determination of the dynamic characteristics of the model, and study of the energy flow between the elements of the model.

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Statistics show that the travel of agricultural machinery to a work area and their movement during labour is the source of many serious accidents. The most dangerous in consequences prove to be those that occur during transport and associated with maneuvering tractors and machinery (about 30% of all fatal accidents). It can be assumed that at least some of these accidents were caused indirectly by the specific design features of agricultural machines which adversely affect the driveability. The single- and multi-loop structures of the driver-vehicle system models are formulated to study the contributions of various preview and prediction strategies to the path tracking and dynamic performance of the articulated vehicle. In the presented study the compensatory model of driver utilizes the lateral acceleration of the tractor, roll angle of trailer sprung mass and the articulation rate as the internal motion feedback variables. The control model of steering of an agricultural set has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The model has been constructed with the use of stochastic methods and operational transmittances describing the various components of the system. The model operational transmittances has been estimated using Box-Jenkins and continuous-time process models from input-output data. The model has been tested using experimental data from road investigation of the agricultural set.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to present the early outcome of stress urinary incontinence treatment in women using a new transobturator tape technique. METHODS: Between March 2004 and June 2005 67 women were operated on for stress urinary incontinence using the transobturator tape procedure. In 24 patients concomitant surgery for pelvic organ prolapse was performed. The patients were selected to the procedure after a thorough clinical and urodynamic examination. During the follow-up the cure rate and postoperative complications were assessed after an interview and clinical examination. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 13,0 months (7,2-20,7 months). In 63 out of 67 patients the stress urinary incontinence was completely cured. In 3 patients the procedure failed. In one patient with preoperative mixed urinary incontinence the bladder hyperreactivity did not improve. Two patients presented with early postoperative voiding problems demanding prolonged catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: The early outcome of stress urinary incontinence treatment using the transobturator tape procedure is very encouraging. The technique seems very effective and the complication risk is low. Further evaluation for long term results is of great interest.

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A case of a 30 years old pregnant woman suffering from bilateral ovary tumour was presented. When she was sixteen weeks pregnant she had both tumours enucleated using the method of laparoscopy. Diagnostic and therapeutic process have been described. Authors are convinced that laparoscopy as a method of treatment can be safely applied to pregnant women provided, that specific rules are obeyed and elaborate precautions during the surgery are taken.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to present the author's experience in sacrospinous ligament vaginal vault fixation--description of procedure and estimation of procedure efficacy at 2, 6, and 12 months after the operation. DESIGN: This study was a prospective analysis of a one-year follow up of ten women with vaginal vault prolapse, who underwent sacrospinous ligament vaginal vault fixation after previous hysterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten women with prolapsed vagina after previously preformed hysterectomy hospitalised since September 2001 until Jun 2002 at Department of Surgical and Endoscopical Gynaecology at the Polish Mother's Memorial Institute in Lódz, underwent successful SSLF. RESULTS: Good post operative effect was achieved in all treated patients. There were no significant intraoperative complications. The average procedure's time was 38 minutes. The time of hospitalisation after surgery was 4 days. At control examinations at 2, 6 and 12 months after the operation, normal anatomic relations were stable. None of the patients had recurrence of pelvic floor disorders. Narrowing or shortening of vagina was not detected in any case. In nine operated patients sexual activity was remaining. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest, based on presented data, that suspension of vagina to sacrospinosus ligament can be effective and safe method of surgery for women with vaginal vault prolapse after hysterectomy.

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A cervical pregnancy is very rare form of ectopic pregnancy. Usually it is associated with unexpected occurrence hemorrhage from the cervix. For this reason the treatment for a cervical pregnancy very often requires an abdominal hysterectomy. To avoid hysterectomy several conservative methods of termination have been used. In this paper has been reported the case of 29 years old woman with a 12-week cervical pregnancy. She had been treated (methotrexate and potassium chloride application, ligation of the uterine arteries, local haemostatic sutures) before evacuation products of conception from the cervix. Post-operative period was uneventful. After a 9 day of postoperative stay the woman was discharged. These behaviour allowed for save of uterus and preserve future fertility.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of treatment in patients suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortion and antiphospholipid syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 148 observed women suffering from recurrent abortion with presence of lupus anticoagulant antibodies (LA) and/or high moderate concentration of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) have been divided randomly into followed three treated groups: I--56 patients treated by low-dose of acetylsalicylic acid (LDA, 75 mg daily); II--39 patients treated by low molecular weight heparin (applied in dose of 20 g daily); III--53 patients treated by LDA and low molecular weight heparin simultaneously. RESULTS: It has been affirmed that coincidental application of low-dose of acetylsalicylic acid and low molecular weight heparin statistically more often increase the percentage of successful pregnancy in comparison with application of low molecular weight heparin or acetylsalicylic acid alone. In the group where only low-dose of acetylsalicylic acid was applied the success of pregnancy equaled 89.3%, in the group where only low molecular weight heparin was applied the successful pregnancy equaled 81.1% and in the group with acetylsalicylic acid and low molecular weight heparin being applied together the successful pregnancy equaled 92.5%. In has simultaneously been affirmed that the percentage of pregnancy loss is statistically higher in the women suffering from isolated occurrence of lupus anticoagulant antibodies (21.2%) in comparison with the women suffering from occurrence of anticardiolipin antibodies (6.7%) and anticardiolipin antibodies with lupus anticoagulant antibodies simultaneously. CONCLUSION: 1. Simultaneous application of low-doses of acetylsalicylic acid and low molecular weight heparin seems to be the best solution in patients suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortion and antiphospholipid syndrome. 2. The occurrence of anticardiolipin antibodies in the serum of blood in patients suffering from antiphospholipid syndrome is a better foretelling factor for the future pregnancy outcome than the occurrence of lupus anticoagulant antibodies.

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