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INTRODUCTION: The use of general anesthesia in infants involves both short-term and long-term risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of brain MRI without anesthesia in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective case-control study was done in 2019. Cases were stable patients less than 3 months old who did not require ventilatory support for whom brain MRI was indicated. Patients were fed so they would fall asleep and placed in the scanner with an immobilizing pillow. Controls were clinically unstable patients matched for age and sex referred for brain MRI under general anesthesia. Three pediatric radiologists evaluated the success of the MRI study (whether it answered the clinical question), recorded whether it was necessary to repeat the study, and rated the presence of motion artifacts on a scale ranging from 1 to 4. RESULTS: A total of 47 cases were included (28 boys and 19 girls; mean age, 31 days). Of these, 42 (89%) MRI studies were considered successful. The proportion of successful MRI studies was lower in outpatients than in inpatients (p = 0.02). The quality of MRI in cases was considered optimal in 60% and suboptimal (motion artifacts in one or two sequences) in 30%. No safety issues related with the technique were detected. The mean duration of the studies was 16.6 min (range, 6-30 min). All of the MRI studies in controls were considered successful; quality was considered optimal in 89% and suboptimal in 11%. In the first year in which we used this technique, we avoided the use of general anesthesia in 47 MRI studies in 42 newborns. CONCLUSION: Brain MRI using the feed and sleep technique in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow can be done safely and efficaciously without general anesthesia.

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Introducción: El uso de anestesia general en niños pequeños conlleva riesgos, a corto y largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la técnica de resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral sin anestesia mediante fijación con colchón en niños menores de 3 meses. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de casos y controles realizado en el año 2019. Los casos fueron pacientes menores de 3 meses con indicación de RM craneal, estables y sin soporte ventilatorio; las resonancias se realizaron usando la técnica de dar de comer y dormir y un colchón inmovilizador. Los controles fueron pacientes de la misma edad y sexo, inestables clínicamente, derivados para realizar RM craneal con anestesia general. Tres radiólogos pediátricos evaluaron el éxito de la RM (si respondía a la pregunta clínica), si era necesario repetirla y calificaron la presencia de artefactos de movimiento en una escala del 1 al 4. Resultados: 47 casos fueron incluidos en este estudio (28 niños, 19 niñas; media: 31 días de vida), de los cuales (89%) 42 RM fueron llevadas a cabo de manera exitosa. Los estudios realizados de manera ambulatoria se asociaron a mayor posibilidad de fallo de la técnica que los realizados a ingresados (valor de p 0,02). El 60% de las RM de los casos realizados tuvieron calidad óptima y el 30%, subóptima (artefacto de movimiento en una o dos secuencias). No se detectaron problemas de seguridad con esta técnica. La media de duración de los estudios fue de 16,6 minutos (rango 6-30 minutos). El 100% de las RM de los controles bajo anestesia general se llevaron a cabo con éxito, con una calidad óptima en el 89% y subóptima en el 11% restante. En el primer año de experiencia con esta técnica, de 47 RM realizadas, se evitó el uso de anestesia general a 42 recién nacidos. Conclusión: La técnica de dar de comer y dormir y fijación con colchón neumático para realizar RM sin anestesia puede realizarse de forma eficaz y segura en niños menores de 3 meses.(AU)

Introduction: The use of general anesthesia in infants involves both short-term and long-term risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of brain MRI without anesthesia in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow. Patients and methods: This prospective case-control study was done in 2019. Cases were stable patients less than 3 months old who did not require ventilatory support for whom brain MRI was indicated. Patients were fed so they would fall asleep and placed in the scanner with an immobilizing pillow. Controls were clinically unstable patients matched for age and sex referred for brain MRI under general anesthesia. Three pediatric radiologists evaluated the success of the MRI study (whether it answered the clinical question), recorded whether it was necessary to repeat the study, and rated the presence of motion artifacts on a scale ranging from 1 to 4. Results: A total of 47 cases were included (28 boys and 19 girls; mean age, 31 days). Of these, 42 (89%) MRI studies were considered successful. The proportion of successful MRI studies was lower in outpatients than in inpatients (p=0.02). The quality of MRI in cases was considered optimal in 60% and suboptimal (motion artifacts in one or two sequences) in 30%. No safety issues related with the technique were detected. The mean duration of the studies was 16.6minutes (range, 6-30minutes). All of the MRI studies in controls were considered successful; quality was considered optimal in 89% and suboptimal in 11%. In the first year in which we used this technique, we avoided the use of general anesthesia in 47 MRI studies in 42 newborns. Conclusion: Brain MRI using the feed and sleep technique in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow can be done safely and efficaciously without general anesthesia.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The use of general anesthesia in infants involves both short-term and long-term risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of brain MRI without anesthesia in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective case-control study was done in 2019. Cases were stable patients less than 3 months old who did not require ventilatory support for whom brain MRI was indicated. Patients were fed so they would fall asleep and placed in the scanner with an immobilizing pillow. Controls were clinically unstable patients matched for age and sex referred for brain MRI under general anesthesia. Three pediatric radiologists evaluated the success of the MRI study (whether it answered the clinical question), recorded whether it was necessary to repeat the study, and rated the presence of motion artifacts on a scale ranging from 1 to 4. RESULTS: A total of 47 cases were included (28 boys and 19 girls; mean age, 31 days). Of these, 42 (89%) MRI studies were considered successful. The proportion of successful MRI studies was lower in outpatients than in inpatients (p=0.02). The quality of MRI in cases was considered optimal in 60% and suboptimal (motion artifacts in one or two sequences) in 30%. No safety issues related with the technique were detected. The mean duration of the studies was 16.6minutes (range, 6-30minutes). All of the MRI studies in controls were considered successful; quality was considered optimal in 89% and suboptimal in 11%. In the first year in which we used this technique, we avoided the use of general anesthesia in 47 MRI studies in 42 newborns. CONCLUSION: Brain MRI using the feed and sleep technique in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow can be done safely and efficaciously without general anesthesia.

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A new observation of 13q deletion syndrome: severe undescribed features: 13q deletion syndrome is characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum resulting from a partial deletion-of the long arm of chromosome 13. It consists predominantly of mental and motor retardation, craniofacial dysmorphia, growth retardation, and several congenital malformations. We present a new case with 13q deletion syndrome phenotypically characterized by severe major malformations, some of them still undescribed, consisting of left diaphragmatic hernia, right pulmonary sequestration, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pancreatic agenesis, polysplenia, and catastrophic central nervous system malformations: semilobar holoprosencephaly, occipital myelomeningocele, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and agenesis of olfactory bulbs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique using the probe LSI D13S319 (13q1l4) SO/ LSI 13q34 SG determined partial monosomy of chromosome 13 in 39/100 cells (mosaicism).

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Introducción: Los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos, entre las 34-36+6 semanas de edad gestacional son fisiológicamente más inmaduros que los recién nacidos a término y, por tanto, tienen mayor riesgo de morbi-mortalidad. Dado que los resultados de salud en la prematuridad pueden variar en función de factores locales nos hemos propuesto conocer en nuestro medio las complicaciones que presentan a corto plazo estos recién nacidos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los recién nacidos ≥ 34 semanas de edad gestacional ingresados en el Hospital Virgen del Rocío desde Mayo de 2005 hasta diciembre de 2008. Dividimos la población en dos grupos: pretérmino tardío (34-36+6 semanas de edad gestacional, n = 769) y a término (37-41+6 semanas de edad gestacional, n = 1.460) comparando la mortalidad y la morbilidad a corto plazo entre los dos grupos. Resultados: La prematuridad tardía se asoció con la reproducción asistida, la gestación gemelar, la preclampsia materna y el parto por cesárea. El riesgo de ingreso hospitalario fueseis veces mayor en estos recién nacidos, siendo cerca de dos veces mayor la necesidad de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal. El tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue el doble en este grupo. En cuanto a los motivos de ingresos, se evidenció una mayor incidencia de distrés respiratorio e ictericia. La necesidad de surfactante, oxigenoterapia y soporte respiratorio (presión positiva continua en la vía aérea y ventilación mecánica convencional) fue igualmente mayor. No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en relación con la presencia de hipoglucemia que precisara ingreso ni en cuanto a la mortalidad neonatal. Conclusiones: Los recién nacidos pretérmino tardíos de nuestro medio representan un colectivo bien definido de riesgo de presentar complicaciones por lo que deben disponerse los recursos necesarios para su atención diferenciada (AU)

Introduction: Late preterm infants, born at 34-36+6 weeks gestation, are physiologically more immature than term infants. As a consequence, they have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Since health outcomes in prematurity may change depending on local factors we have proposed determine the short-term medical problems of these infants in our hospital. Patients and methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborn ≥ 34 weeks gestation admitted to Virgen del Rocio hospital from May 2005 to December 2008. We divided this cohort into late preterm (34-36+6 weeks, n = 769) and term (37-41+6 weeks, n = 1460) groups. We compared mortality and morbidity data between the 2 groups. Results: Late preterm group was associated with assisted reproduction, twin pregnancy, caesarean delivery and preeclampsia during pregnancy. The risk of hospitalization was six times greater in these infants and neonatal intensive care admissions were twice as common. The hospital stay was double in this group. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and jaundice were greater in the preterm group. The use of surfactant, oxygen and respiratory support (CPAP and CMV ) was also higher. There were no significant differences in hypoglycaemia and neonatal mortality between both groups. Conclusions: Late preterm infants represent a well-defined risk group for developing complications and should be available the necessary resources should be made available for their special care (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Late preterm infants, born at 34-36(+6) weeks gestation, are physiologically more immature than term infants. As a consequence, they have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Since health outcomes in prematurity may change depending on local factors we have proposed determine the short-term medical problems of these infants in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out on all newborn ≥ 34 weeks gestation admitted to Virgen del Rocio hospital from May 2005 to December 2008. We divided this cohort into late preterm (34-36(+6) weeks, n=769) and term (37-41(+6) weeks, n=1460) groups. We compared mortality and morbidity data between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Late preterm group was associated with assisted reproduction, twin pregnancy, caesarean delivery and preeclampsia during pregnancy. The risk of hospitalization was six times greater in these infants and neonatal intensive care admissions were twice as common. The hospital stay was double in this group. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and jaundice were greater in the preterm group. The use of surfactant, oxygen and respiratory support (CPAP and CMV) was also higher. There were no significant differences in hypoglycaemia and neonatal mortality between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Late preterm infants represent a well-defined risk group for developing complications and should be available the necessary resources should be made available for their special care.

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OBJECTIVES: 1) To identify the profile of the cases requested for autopsy; 2) to analyze the clinocopathological discordance; 3) to investigate predictive factors for unsuspected clinically relevant diagnoses. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All autopsies performed between January 1999 and December 2005 in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological concordance was assessed independently by two neonatologists and two pathologists, according to a modification of the Goldman classification. A comparison was made between newborns who had an autopsy performed and those who did not and predictive factors for unsuspected findings were investigated. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 309 deaths, and autopsies were performed in 128 (41.4 %) of these cases. Autopsies were more common in newborns who had gestational age > 36 weeks (p < 0.001), birthweight > 1500 g (p < 0.001) and congenital defects (p < 0.007). However, the probability that the autopsy was granted decreased with increasing death age (p < 0.016). Unsuspected diagnoses were observed in 49.2 % of the autopsies, being a major finding in 21.1 % of the cases. A clinicopathological discordance involving the prognosis was found in four cases (3.1 %). Relevant unsuspected findings could not be predicted from the ante-mortem clinical diagnosis, gestational age, birthweight, sex, and death age. CONCLUSION: The autopsy remains the "gold standard" method to reveal major and unsuspected diagnoses and there is no substitute for it. Postmortem examination should be requested systematically in every neonatal death. However, several factors such as gestational age, birthweight, presence of congenital defects and death age, influence the likelihood of autopsy being granted.

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Objetivos: Conocer el perfil de los casos sometidos a autopsia, analizar la discrepancia clinicopatológica e investigar los factores predictivos de un rendimiento alto. Pacientes y método: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente todas las autopsias practicadas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatológicos de tercer nivel entre enero de 1999 y diciembre de 2005. De manera independiente, dos patólogos y dos neonatólogos establecieron la concordancia clinicopatológica según la clasificación de Goldman modificada. Se compararon los neonatos sometidos a autopsia con los que no lo fueron, y se investigaron los factores predictivos de hallazgos insospechados. Resultados: Se practicaron 128 autopsias (41,4 %) en 309 fallecimientos ocurridos durante el período de estudio. Las necropsias se realizaron con más frecuencia en los recién nacidos mayores de 36 semanas de edad gestacional (p < 0,001), peso superior a 1.500 g (p < 0,001) y con malformación (p < 0,007). Sin embargo, la probabilidad de que se concediera la autopsia decreció cuanto mayor era la edad del paciente fallecido (p < 0,016). Se observaron diagnósticos insospechados en el 49,2 % de las necropsias, siendo relevantes en el 21,1 %. En 4 casos (3,1 %) existió una discrepancia clinicopatológica con implicaciones en el pronóstico. No fue posible predecir los hallazgos insospechados relevantes en función del diagnóstico clínico ante mortem, la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer, el sexo y la edad en el momento del fallecimiento. Conclusión: La autopsia continúa siendo el método de referencia e insustituible para demostrar diagnósticos insospechados y relevantes. La necropsia debe solicitarse de manera sistemática ante toda muerte neonatal. Sin embargo, factores como la edad gestacional, el peso de nacimiento, la presencia de malformaciones y la edad de fallecimiento influyen en la probabilidad de ser concedida

Objectives: 1) To identify the profile of the cases requested for autopsy; 2) to analyze the clinocopathological discordance; 3) to investigate predictive factors for unsuspected clinically relevant diagnoses. Patients and method: All autopsies performed between January 1999 and December 2005 in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological concordance was assessed independently by two neonatologists and two pathologists, according to a modification of the Goldman classification. A comparison was made between newborns who had an autopsy performed and those who did not and predictive factors for unsuspected findings were investigated. Results: During the study period, there were 309 deaths, and autopsies were performed in 128 (41.4 %) of these cases. Autopsies were more common in newborns who had gestational age > 36 weeks (p < 0.001), birthweight > 1500 g (p < 0.001) and congenital defects (p < 0.007). However, the probability that the autopsy was granted decreased with increasing death age (p < 0.016). Unsuspected diagnoses were observed in 49.2 % of the autopsies, being a major finding in 21.1 % of the cases. A clinicopathological discordance involving the prognosis was found in four cases (3.1 %). Relevant unsuspected findings could not be predicted from the ante-mortem clinical diagnosis, gestational age, birthweight, sex, and death age. Conclusion: The autopsy remains the "gold standard" method to reveal major and unsuspected diagnoses and there is no substitute for it. Postmortem examination should be requested systematically in every neonatal death. However, several factors such as gestational age, birthweight, presence of congenital defects and death age, influence the likelihood of autopsy being granted

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It is described a desquamative interstitial pneumonia diagnosed by open biopsy of the lung, in a nine-month-old infant. The disease began at about two-months-old, with underdevelopment and evolution to progressive respiratory insufficiency that finished with the exitus at nine-months-old, before the initiation of the treatment with steroid. It is commented the bad prognostic in young infants diagnosed during the first year of life, questioning the utility of separate the desquamative interstitial pneumonia of the usual interstitial pneumonia in infants less than one-year-old.

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