RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Despite CKD is common among older patients, and although factors associated with CKD progression have been explored over decades, little is known about the decline of renal function specifically in older individuals. METHODS: We included adult patients with CKD on conservative management in a propensity-score matched study 1:1 older (> 65 year) and young (≤ 65 yr). Factors associated with the slope of the decline of eGFR such as proteinuria, initial eGFR, diabetes, sex, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor block (ACEI/ARB) were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were at least two consultations in the service and an initial eGFR lower than 45 ml/min/m2, in the period between January 2012 and December 2017. RESULTS: Crude analysis of eGFR decline shows a slower progression of older patients when compared to younger patients in both absolute change [- 2.0 (- 4.5, - 1.0) vs. -3.0 (- 7.0, - 1.0) ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.001] and slope of eGFR reduction [- 2.2 (- 4.4, - 1.0) vs. 3.1 (- 6.7, - 1.2)) ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.001]. Patients considered fast progressors (> 5 ml/min/1.73 m2/year decline in eGFR) were less likely to be older (35.2% young vs. 22.0% older, p < 0.001). Adjusted logistic multivariate regression confirmed that older patients had less odds ratio of eGFR decline, independently of the presence of proteinuria, diabetes, ACEI/ARB use, sex, baseline eGFR, baseline phosphate and baseline 25(OH) vitamin D. CONCLUSION: Older patients present slower CKD progression even after multiple adjustments. This information should be taken into consideration while treating these patients on conservative management and should be kept in mind while planning dialysis start.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Fallo Renal Crónico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Humanos , Anciano , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/terapia , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Proteinuria/etiología , Riñón/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), monocopper enzymes that oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides, have important biotechnological applications. Thermothelomyces thermophilus is a rich source of biomass-active enzymes, including many members from auxiliary activities family 9 LPMOs. Here, we report biochemical and structural characterization of recombinant TtLPMO9H which oxidizes cellulose at the C1 and C4 positions and shows enhanced activity in light-driven catalysis assays. TtLPMO9H also shows activity against xyloglucan. The addition of TtLPMO9H to endoglucanases from four different glucoside hydrolase families (GH5, GH12, GH45 and GH7) revealed that the product formation was remarkably increased when TtLPMO9H was combined with GH7 endoglucanase. Finally, we determind the first low resolution small-angle X-ray scattering model of the two-domain TtLPMO9H in solution that shows relative positions of its two functional domains and a conformation of the linker peptide, which can be relevant for the catalytic oxidation of cellulose and xyloglucan.
Asunto(s)
Celulasas/metabolismo , Celulosa/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de la radiación , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Luz , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/metabolismo , Sordariales/enzimología , Biomasa , Catálisis , Celulosa/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/clasificación , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/metabolismo , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/química , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/clasificación , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/genética , Oxidación-Reducción , Filogenia , Dominios Proteicos , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Dispersión del Ángulo Pequeño , Estereoisomerismo , Especificidad por Sustrato , Difracción de Rayos X , Xilanos/química , Xilanos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different liquid-feeding systems using a medium crude protein milk replacer on performance, rumen, and blood parameters. Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked according to birth weight and date of birth, and randomly distributed to different liquid-feeding systems: conventional (4 L/d), intensive (8 L/d), or step-up/step-down (wk 1, 4 L/d; wk 2 to 6, 8 L/d; wk 7 and 8, 4 L/d). The commercial milk replacer (12.5% solids, 20.2% crude protein, 15.6% fat) was fed twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) until calves were weaned, at 8 wk of age. Calves were individually housed in wood hutches, with free access to water and starter concentrate, and to hay only after weaning. They were followed through 10 wk of age. Milk replacer and starter intake were inversely affected by feeding system. After weaning, starter intake and hay intake were similar among feeding systems. Total dry matter intake was higher during the liquid-feeding period for calves on the intensive system compared to calves on the conventional system, but conventional feeding resulted in the highest dry matter intake after weaning. Feed efficiency was similar among feeding systems before and after weaning. Average body weight and daily gain were not affected by feeding system before or after weaning. During liquid feeding, diarrhea occurrence was lower for calves on the conventional system; however, when calves on the step-up/step-down system were fed lower volumes of liquid feed, diarrhea occurrence was similar to that of calves on the conventional system. Plasma concentrations of ß-hydroxybutyrate were higher for calves on the conventional system, reflecting starter intake. Rumen pH, short-chain fatty acids, and N-NH3 were not affected by feeding system. Feeding higher volumes of milk replacer with a medium crude protein content had no beneficial effect on the performance of calves up to 10 wk of age.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Ingestión de Alimentos , Rumen/química , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangre , Factores de Edad , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso Corporal , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/etiología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/sangre , Leche , Distribución Aleatoria , DesteteRESUMEN
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The present study investigated the association between the rs2275913 polymorphism in the IL17A gene and the development of HAM/TSP. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 116 patients (29 symptomatic patients with HAM/TSP and 87 asymptomatic) with a positive diagnosis of HTLV-1. The single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was carried out by real time PCR using TaqMan probes. In addition, serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in 64 infected individuals from the study (47 asymptomatic and 17 HAM/TSP), using cytometric bead array technique. No significant differences were found in genotypic and allelic frequencies between the groups. Analysis of cytokine levels showed highest concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α in HAM/TSP patients. The results of the present study, therefore, suggest a lack of association between the rs2275913 polymorphism in the IL17A gene and the presence of HAM/TSP.
Asunto(s)
Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Infecciones por HTLV-I/genética , Interleucina-17/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain for sugar cane molasses (MO) or glucose syrup (GS) in the starter concentrate on performance and metabolism of dairy calves. Thirty-six individually housed Holstein male calves were blocked according to weight and date of birth and assigned to one of the starter feed treatments, during an 8 week study: i) starter containing 65% corn with no MO or GS (0MO); ii) starter containing 60% corn and 5% MO (5MO); iii) starter containing 55% corn and 10% MO (10MO); and iv) starter containing 60% corn and 5% GS (5GS). Animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (20 crude protein, 16 ether extract, 12.5% solids), divided in two meals (0700 and 1700 h). Starter and water were provided ad libitum. Starter intake and fecal score were monitored daily until animals were eight weeks old. Body weight and measurements (withers height, hip width and heart girth) were measured weekly before the morning feeding. From the second week of age, blood samples were collected weekly, 2 h after the morning feeding, for glucose, ß-hydroxybutyrate and lactate determination. Ruminal fluid was collected at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age using an oro-ruminal probe and a suction pump for determination of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). At the end of the eighth week, animals were harvested to evaluate development of the proximal digestive tract. The composition of the starter did not affect (p>0.05) concentrate intake, weight gain, fecal score, blood parameters, and rumen development. However, treatment 5MO showed higher (p<0.05) total concentration of SCFAs, acetate and propionate than 0MO, and these treatments did not differ from 10MO and 5GS (p>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the replacement of corn by 5% or 10% sugar cane molasses or 5% GS on starter concentrate did not impact performance, however it has some positive effects on rumen fermentation which may be beneficial for calves with a developing rumen.
RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The first cause of death of dairy calves is often diarrhea which is mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria, which can result in excessive use of antibiotics. However, facing the increase concern by the industry and consumers, the use of antibiotics not only to control pathogens, but also to manipulate growth, has become a challenge. Alternative additives, such essential oils, have the potential to decrease antibiotic use, without reducing performance or increasing mortality of dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a commercial blend of essential oils, incorporated into the calf starter and/or milk replacer to monitor the effect on overall calf performance, fecal scores and rumen fermentation parameters. A total of 30 Holstein calves received 6 l/day of a liquid diet, consisting of a commercial milk replacer containing 20% CP : 15% fat (EE). Calves had free choice access to water and calf starter. Weaning occurred at week 8, and calves were followed until the 10th week of age. Calves were assigned to one of the three treatment groups in a randomized block design. TREATMENTS: (1) control without essential oils supplementation (C); (2) essential oils blend in the milk replacer at 400 mg/kg (MR) and (3) essential oils blend in the milk replacer (200 mg/kg) and starter feed (200 mg/kg) (MRS). From the 2nd week, calves were weighed and body measurements were taken, while concentrate intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of glucose and ß-hydroxybutyrate. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteria; and ruminal fluid for determination of pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia-N and counts of amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa. Performance, fecal scores and intestines microorganisms were not affected by the essential oils supplementation. Ruminal and blood parameters were also not affected, with the exception the rumen ammonia-N concentration, with higher values when essential oils were supplemented in a combination of milk replacer and starter feed. Most of the evaluated parameters were affected by age of calves, mainly as a response to the increase in concentrate intake as animals' aged. Essential oils are promising substitutes for antibiotics. However, the dose and routes of administration deserve further studies, allowing a better animal performance and health to be achieved.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Diarrea/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fermentación , Intestinos , Aceites Volátiles , Rumen/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Diarrea/microbiología , Diarrea/parasitología , Diarrea/prevención & control , Dieta/veterinaria , Heces/química , Heces/microbiología , Heces/parasitología , Intestinos/microbiología , Intestinos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e os parâmetros sanguíneos de bezerros que consumiram colostro bovino fermentado sob condições anaeróbias. Após o nascimento, 18 bezerros da raça Holandês foram alojados em abrigos individuais e passaram a receber 4L da dieta líquida, sucedâneo lácteo ou silagem de colostro, divididos em duas refeições. O consumo de concentrado inicial e o escore fecal foram registrados diariamente, enquanto a pesagem e as colheitas de amostras de sangue para a determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, nitrogênio ureico, ácidos graxos livres, β-hidroxibutirato e proteínas totais séricas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentaram menores consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso diário e peso vivo. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados foram afetados pelos tratamentos, exceto a concentração plasmática de proteínas totais. O escore fecal foi afetado pelos tratamentos durante a segunda semana de vida, com animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentando fezes anormais e secas. O fornecimento de silagem de colostro como dieta líquida exclusiva não resultou em desempenho animal adequado, não sendo uma boa alternativa de substituto de leite.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and plasma metabolites of calves fed colostrum fermented under anaerobic conditions as an exclusive liquid feed during the whole milk-feeding period. After birth, eighteen Holstein male calves were housed in individual hutches and fed four liters of liquid diet, milk replacer or colostrum silage, divided into two meals. The starter feed intake and fecal scores were recorded daily, and body weight and blood samples for the determination of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and serum total protein were taken weekly. Animals fed colostrum silage had lower intake of starter feed during the experimental period. Significant effects were also observed for average daily gain and body weight. All blood parameters measured were affected by the treatments, except the total protein plasma concentration. The fecal score was affected by treatments during the second week of life, with animals fed colostrum silage presenting abnormal and very dry feces. Feeding colostrum silage as exclusive liquid diet during the whole milk-feeding period resulted in inadequate animal performance, being considered a bad alternative as milk replacer.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Lactante , Bovinos , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/administración & dosificación , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/análisis , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , /administración & dosificación , /análisis , FermentaciónRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e os parâmetros sanguíneos de bezerros que consumiram colostro bovino fermentado sob condições anaeróbias. Após o nascimento, 18 bezerros da raça Holandês foram alojados em abrigos individuais e passaram a receber 4L da dieta líquida, sucedâneo lácteo ou silagem de colostro, divididos em duas refeições. O consumo de concentrado inicial e o escore fecal foram registrados diariamente, enquanto a pesagem e as colheitas de amostras de sangue para a determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, nitrogênio ureico, ácidos graxos livres, β-hidroxibutirato e proteínas totais séricas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentaram menores consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso diário e peso vivo. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados foram afetados pelos tratamentos, exceto a concentração plasmática de proteínas totais. O escore fecal foi afetado pelos tratamentos durante a segunda semana de vida, com animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentando fezes anormais e secas. O fornecimento de silagem de colostro como dieta líquida exclusiva não resultou em desempenho animal adequado, não sendo uma boa alternativa de substituto de leite.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and plasma metabolites of calves fed colostrum fermented under anaerobic conditions as an exclusive liquid feed during the whole milk-feeding period. After birth, eighteen Holstein male calves were housed in individual hutches and fed four liters of liquid diet, milk replacer or colostrum silage, divided into two meals. The starter feed intake and fecal scores were recorded daily, and body weight and blood samples for the determination of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and serum total protein were taken weekly. Animals fed colostrum silage had lower intake of starter feed during the experimental period. Significant effects were also observed for average daily gain and body weight. All blood parameters measured were affected by the treatments, except the total protein plasma concentration. The fecal score was affected by treatments during the second week of life, with animals fed colostrum silage presenting abnormal and very dry feces. Feeding colostrum silage as exclusive liquid diet during the whole milk-feeding period resulted in inadequate animal performance, being considered a bad alternative as milk replacer.(AU)