RESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of an interviewer-administered, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among 132 volunteer New Mexico Hispanic (H) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women, aged 35-74 years, with (n = 47) and without (n = 85) a breast cancer history, and to add to the limited data presently available on the performance of FFQs among different ethnic groups. Validity was measured at one month and six months from baseline against four-day food records, and reproducibility was tested by comparing FFQs. Unadjusted validity correlation coefficients were highest at one month, ranging from 0.38 (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat) to 0.57 (calcium); energy-adjusted correlation coefficients were highest at six months, ranging from 0.15 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.68 (calcium). Energy-adjusted correlation coefficients were statistically significant by ethnicity for vitamins A and C, protein, carotene and calcium, and by case status for saturated fat, folate, fiber, and vitamins A and E. Reproducibility correlation coefficients (unadjusted) ranged from 0.40 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.71 (carbohydrate, retinol); energy-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from 0.42 (vitamin E) to 0.78 (fiber), and differed significantly by ethnicity for saturated fat and retinol, and by case status for carbohydrate. Overall, our FFQ has comparable characteristics to other FFQs and is suitable for use with New Mexico's H and NHW women.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Población Blanca , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/etnología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico/epidemiología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
A survey of persons soliciting sex in an area known to be frequented by prostitutes in Albuquerque, NM, included 43 females and 66 males. Seroprevalence rates found in this population-based study were as follows: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), 3%; hepatitis B, 39%; hepatitis C, 45%. Increased age, intravenous drug use, and condom use were independent risk factors for hepatitis B. Female gender and intravenous drug use were independent risk factors for hepatitis C. Neither sharing injection equipment nor engaging in receptive anal intercourse was independently associated with hepatitis B or C.
Asunto(s)
Seroprevalencia de VIH , VIH-1 , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Trabajo Sexual , Adulto , Femenino , Hepatitis B/etnología , Hepatitis C/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , New Mexico/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
A biologically motivated breast cancer incidence rate function was fit to data from a published case-control study conducted in countries whose incidence is high (Wales and the United States), moderate (Brazil, Greece, and Yugoslavia), and low (Japan and Taiwan). The data include personal characteristics of 3,925 breast cancer cases and 11,327 controls interviewed in selected hospitals in 1964-1968. Parameters in the function specify the dependence of age-specific breast cancer incidence rates on age at menarche, age at menopause, occurrence and timing of full-term pregnancies, and body mass. Parameters were estimated separately for high-, moderate-, and low-risk countries. Examination of residuals provided little evidence of inadequacy of the fitted function in describing combined effects of the characteristics studied. The following patterns were seen in all three risk groups: 1) Incidence rates jump to a higher level after first childbirth, but then increase with age more slowly thereafter. 2) Rates increase with age more slowly after menopause than before. 3) Rates change quadratically with body mass index among all women, although the main trend varies: Rates decrease with body mass among premenopausal women in high-risk countries, but increase with body mass in all other groups of women. Similarities of parameter estimates across countries suggest that reproductive events and body fat exert similar effects on all women, regardless of breast cancer rates in their country of residence.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Neoplasias de la Mama/fisiopatología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Intervalo entre Nacimientos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Grecia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Japón/epidemiología , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Modelos Logísticos , Edad Materna , Menarquia , Menopausia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Paridad , Factores de Riesgo , Taiwán/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Gales/epidemiología , Yugoslavia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A cohort of 3469 males with at least 1 y of underground uranium mining experience in New Mexico was assembled and mortality followed up through 31 December 1985. The mean and median cumulative exposures for the cohort were 0.39 J h m-3 and 0.12 J h m-3 (111.4 and 35.0 Working Level Months [WLM]), respectively. Overall, mortality in the cohort was significantly increased (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.2) relative to the general population of the state. By cause, significant increases were observed for lung cancer (SMR = 4.0, 95% CI 3.1-5.1) and for external causes of death (SMR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7). The risk of lung cancer increased for exposure categories above 100 WLM; the excess relative risk increased by 0.5% per mJ h m-3, 95% CI 0.2-1.5 (1.8% per WLM, 95% CI 0.7-5.4). Data were consistent with a multiplicative interaction between smoking and exposure to Rn progeny in an exponential relative risk model. The risk of lung cancer varied substantially with age at observation; the odds ratios rose more steeply with exposure to Rn progeny for those less than age 55 y at observation.
Asunto(s)
Bismuto , Plomo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Minería , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/mortalidad , Exposición Profesional , Polonio , Uranio , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/etiología , New Mexico , Hijas del Radón , Fumar/efectos adversosRESUMEN
A case-control study was conducted to describe lung cancer risk in a cohort of New Mexico underground U miners. The subjects included 65 cases and 230 age-matched controls, most with exposures below 3.50 J h m-3 (1000 WLM). The risk for lung cancer was increased for all cumulative exposures to Rn progeny of 0.35 J h m-3 (100 WLM) or greater. The odds ratios were unchanged with control for cigarette smoking. With exclusion of subjects with exposures above 3.50 J h m-3 (1000 WLM), the estimated excess relative risk was 0.3% per mJ h m-3 (1.1% per WLM). The risk was greater for younger subjects and the data were consistent with a multiplicative interaction between cigarette smoking and exposure to Rn progeny.
Asunto(s)
Bismuto , Plomo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Minería , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/etiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Polonio , Uranio , Adulto , Anciano , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico , Hijas del Radón , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
We have used population-based data for the state of New Mexico to calculate cigarette-smoking-specific incidence rates for lung cancer, cumulative incidence rates for lung cancer, and estimates of the proportion of lung cancer cases attributable to smoking. For white New Mexicans, the incidence of lung cancer increased with age and was markedly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. From 25 through 84 yr of age, the cumulative incidence of lung cancer was 0.9% in nonsmoking males and 0.5% in nonsmoking females. The cumulative incidence rates were much higher for smokers; for males who smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily from age 25, the cumulative risk of lung cancer through age 84 was 31.7%. For females with the same cigarette smoking history, the estimate of cumulative incidence through age 84 years was 15.3%. The population-attributable risks for lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking were 89.5% for males and 85.5% for females.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New MexicoRESUMEN
Participants in a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in New Mexico between 1980 and 1982 were asked to identify all locations where they had resided for six months or more. These residential data were coded at the county and state levels and combined with county-level socioeconomic data from the 1910, 1930, 1950, and 1970 decennial censuses to generate indices of time lived in counties or metropolitan areas of different sizes, degrees of urbanization, or extents of employment in manufacturing industries. Urban residence was not associated with employment of male controls in jobs or industries considered to increase lung cancer risk. However, in the non-Hispanic white female controls, urban residence before age 30 years in a county of 500,000 or more residents was associated with a fourfold higher odds ratio for starting to smoke cigarettes. Male and female non-Hispanic controls who had ever lived in more populous counties smoked more cigarettes per day than did those who had not lived in such counties. Residential history patterns were the same in cases and controls; multiple logistic regression showed no consistent associations of the residence history variables with lung cancer risk.
Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Población Blanca , Adulto , Anciano , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico , Sistema de Registros , Riesgo , Población Rural , Fumar , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Although cigarette smoking is the strongest known risk factor for lung cancer, the effects of specific smoking practices have not been completely characterized. The present study examines determinants of lung cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study conducted in New Mexico, 1980-82. The study included 521 cases and 769 controls matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Either the index subjects or their next-of-kin were interviewed in person to obtain a detailed history of cigarette smoking and information concerning other risk factors. With the use of multiple logistic regression, a model was constructed of the effects of amount smoked, duration of smoking, cigarette type, and smoking cessation on lung cancer risk. Among current smokers, risk increased with each additional cigarette smoked per day (P less than .001). For duration of smoking, the risk per year smoked in individuals 65 years and older was only one-third that in persons under age 65 years. With regard to cigarette type, a somewhat higher risk was found associated with smoking nonfilter cigarettes, but there was no evidence of decreasing risk as the extent of filter smoking increased. Lifelong filter cigarette smokers and smokers of both filter and nonfilter cigarettes were at lower risk than lifelong smokers of nonfilter cigarettes only. In ex-smokers, the pattern of variation of relative risk with amount and duration was similar to that in the current smokers. Excluding those who had stopped for 1 year or less, the relative risk declined exponentially with duration of smoking cessation (P less than .01). These analyses confirm the strong benefits of smoking cessation and indicate possible reduction of risk from smoking filter cigarettes.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Fumar , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico , Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Población BlancaRESUMEN
The association between dietary intake of vitamin A and lung cancer risk was examined in a population-based, case-control study of 447 patients and 759 control subjects in New Mexico. A food frequency interview was used to measure usual consumption of total vitamin A retinol, preformed vitamin A, and carotene. With all respondents combined, the odds ratios for lung cancer increased as intakes of total vitamin A and carotene declined but did not vary with intake of preformed vitamin A. When the subjects were stratified by ethnic group, Hispanic or non-Hispanic (Anglo) white, significant effects of vitamin A consumption were limited to the Anglos. In the Anglos, the protective effects of total vitamin A and carotene consumption were present in males and females, but varied strongly with cigarette smoking habits. In Anglo smokers, significant increases in the odds ratios with declining intake were observed in former but not in current smokers. Among the former smokers, significant effects of total vitamin A and carotene consumption were present only in those who had stopped smoking for 6 to 15 yr. Limitation of the protective effect of vitamin A and carotene consumption to past smokers has important implications for the design of clinical trials and for cancer control strategies.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/epidemiología , Dieta , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Vitamina A/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Carotenoides/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico , Riesgo , Fumar , Población BlancaRESUMEN
A population-based case-control study of lung cancer was performed in New Mexico to explain the differing patterns of lung cancer occurrence in the state's "Hispanic" Whites and other Whites. From 1980 through 1982, interviews were completed with 521 cases and 769 controls. In the male controls, the prevalence of current and previous cigarette usage was similar in the two ethnic groups, but Hispanics smoked fewer cigarettes daily. In the female controls, a lower percentage of Hispanics had ever smoked and their usual consumption was less than that of other White women. Older Hispanic female smokers had used hand-rolled cigarettes for an average of 8.8 years, whereas other White women of the same age had used this type for less than one-half year. Both stratified and multiple logistic analysis showed comparable risks of lung cancer in Hispanic White and other White smokers. There was no evidence of interaction between ethnicity and cigarette smoking. These analyses imply that the differences in lung cancer incidence between New Mexico's Hispanic Whites and other Whites are largely explained by the patterns of cigarette smoking of these two groups.
Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Fumar , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Masculino , México/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Mexico , Factores Sexuales , Población BlancaRESUMEN
We assessed the occurrence of malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico from 1969-1977. Incidence data, collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry, were supplemented with mortality data supplied by the State Bureau of Vital Statistics. These data were analyzed for variation by site, sex, and ethnic group. Malignant melanoma occurrence varied with ethnicity. Incidence rates for non-Hispanic whites (Anglos) exceeded comparison US rates, and were approximately six times higher than for other ethnic groups. Annual incidence rates for Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks of both sexes ranged from 0.0-1.8 cases per 100,000. As anticipated from other studies, the lower extremities were the most common site in Anglo women, and the trunk was the most common site in Anglo men. In contrast, the trunk was the most common site for both Hispanic men and women. A statistically significant trend of increasing incidence was demonstrated only for the Anglo women. Mortality rates varied widely during the study period and did not correlate with incidence rates.
Asunto(s)
Melanoma/epidemiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Etnicidad , Extremidades , Femenino , Cabeza , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Melanoma/mortalidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuello , New Mexico , Sistema de Registros , Factores Sexuales , Neoplasias Cutáneas/mortalidadRESUMEN
To characterize the epidemiologic features of respiratory diseases among Hispanics, we conducted a prevalence survey in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The ATS-DLD-78 respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed by 633 Hispanics and 1,038 Anglos (non-Hispanic whites) with an overall response rate of 72%. The prevalence of major respiratory diseases differed between the groups. Physician-confirmed chronic bronchitis or emphysema, and asthma were reported less often by Hispanics. Although patterns of cigarette usage (current, previous, never) were similar, current and cumulative cigarette consumption was significantly lower in Hispanics. Most differences in symptom frequency and the lower Hispanic prevalence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema were attributable to lower cigarette consumption by Hispanics. However, the prevalence of asthma remained significantly lower among Hispanics after controlling for cigarette smoking. These results documented differences in the prevalence of respiratory disease between the Hispanics and Anglos, which were partially explained by the distributions of known risk factors.