RESUMEN

SCID is a fatal syndrome caused by mutations in at least 13 different genes. It is characterized by the absence of T cells. Immune reconstitution can be achieved through nonablative related donor BMT. However, the first transplant may not provide sufficient immunity. In these cases, booster transplants may be helpful. A prospective/retrospective study was conducted of 49 SCID patients (28.7% of 171 SCIDs transplanted over 30 years) who had received booster transplants to define the long-term outcome, factors contributing to a need for a booster and factors that predicted success. Of the 49 patients, 31 (63%) are alive for up to 28 years. Age at initial transplantation was found to have a significant effect on outcome (mean of 194 days old for patients currently alive, versus a mean of 273 days old for those now deceased, P=0.0401). Persistent viral infection was present in most deceased booster patients. In several patients, the use of two parents as sequential donors resulted in striking T-and B-cell immune reconstitution. A majority of the patients alive today have normal or adequate T-cell function and are healthy. Nonablative booster BMT can be lifesaving for SCID.

Asunto(s)

Trasplante de Médula Ósea/métodos , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/cirugía , Trasplante de Médula Ósea/efectos adversos , Femenino , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/etiología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/inmunología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/genética , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Quimera por Trasplante/inmunología , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

The effect of messages about genetics on lay audiences was assessed through an experimental study that exposed participants (n = 96) to a Public Service Announcement about race, genes, and heart disease. Participants who received a message that specified either 'Whites' or 'Blacks' as the subject of the message demonstrated elevated levels of racism, genetic basis for racism, and one dimension of genetic discrimination as compared to those receiving a version of the message with no race specification or in a no-message control condition. The presentation of such messages to the public is not recommended until additional research clarifies this finding and perhaps describes mitigating vocabularies or approaches.

Asunto(s)

Actitud Frente a la Salud/etnología , Prejuicio , Grupos Raciales/etnología , Grupos Raciales/genética , Comunicación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

Internal orbits of experimentally analyzed antihydrogen (H) atoms depend as much on an external magnetic field as on the Coulomb force. A circular "guiding center atom" model is used to understand their field ionization. This useful model, assumed in the theory of three-body H recombination so far, ignores the important coupling between internal and center-of-mass motion. A conserved pseudomomentum, effective potential, saddle point analysis, and numerical simulation show where the simple model is valid and classify the features of the general case, including "giant dipole states."

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: This study aims to determine whether healthcare providers' (HCPs') communication dealing with sun-protection (i.e., counseling) is associated with clients' skin-cancer-related prevention practices, detection self-efficacy, and knowledge. METHODS: Secondary analysis of two surveys of 1,469 randomly sampled farmers and soccer participants from southeast and coastal Georgia. RESULTS: Farmers and soccer participants who report ever having been counseled by a HCP about how to protect their skin from the sun report being more likely to wear sunscreen (P < 0.05), get clinical exams of their skin (P < 0.001), be certain that they can recognize unhealthy changes in their skin (P < 0.001), be certain that they know how to perform a skin exam (P < 0.001), and be knowledgeable about skin cancer prevention (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively); soccer participants are additionally more likely to wear protective headgear (P < 0.05) and perform monthly self-exams of their skin (P < 0.001). All analyses incorporated three control variables: participants' prior history of skin cancer, age, and non-HCP-derived skin-cancer awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that HCPs' counseling can positively shape skin-cancer-related prevention practices, detection self-efficacy, and knowledge. Additional research is needed on HCPs' actual communication about skin cancer and sun protection and its influence on client outcomes.

Asunto(s)

Agricultura , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/prevención & control , Protectores Solares/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Georgia , Humanos , Masculino , Ropa de Protección/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/etiología , Fútbol , Protectores Solares/uso terapéutico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

Prepubertal boars (n = 4/treatment) were killed 24 h after a 5 day course of intravenous injections of dexamethasone (Dex, 1 and 5 mg kg(-1)), or saline vehicle. Gene expression was quantified in brain sections following in situ hybridisation histochemistry. The objective was to determine whether chronic glucocorticoid treatment would alter the expression of mRNAs for gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, trkB, and selected ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunits in the hippocampus. Although Dex did not alter GR message, the higher dose reduced MR mRNA in all hippocampal subfields studied. There was no effect of Dex on the expression of BDNF, or the full-length form of its receptor but there was evidence to suggest that mRNA for the truncated form of trkB was increased. Expression of mRNA for glutamate receptor subunits was either unaffected (NR1) or decreased (GluR2 and GluR3). These findings indicate that acute and chronic glucocorticoid treatment has differential effects on hippocampal gene expression in the porcine brain.

Asunto(s)

Dexametasona/farmacología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Receptor trkB/biosíntesis , Receptores de Glutamato/biosíntesis , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Autorradiografía , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/biosíntesis , Cartilla de ADN , Giro Dentado/efectos de los fármacos , Giro Dentado/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Hibridación in Situ , Masculino , Receptor trkB/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores AMPA/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/biosíntesis , Receptores de Glutamato/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Porcinos

RESUMEN

Self-efficacy has become an important variable in multiple areas of human performance, including health behavior modification (Bandura, 1997). This study explores variables that lead to women's perceived self-efficacy in performing regular detection practices for breast and cervical cancer. A sample of southeastern U.S. farm women (N = 206) completed surveys that assessed their perceived and actual knowledge of women's cancer detection practices, as well as their perceived social norms and perceived barriers related to obtaining these tests. Regression analyses of these data revealed that perceived peer norms and the barriers of time and embarrassment were significant predictors of women's confidence in their ability to follow through with cancer detection practices. Perceived knowledge and perceived family norms significantly predicted women's perceptions of difficulty associated with cancer detection practices as well as women's confidence in their skills to perform breast self-examination (BSE). Time was also a significant barrier to confidence in performing BSE. Implications for health communication campaigns are discussed.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud Rural , Autoeficacia , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Salud de la Mujer , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Sudeste de Estados Unidos

RESUMEN

It has previously been shown that the intravenous administration of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), increases food intake in satiated pigs and decreases food intake in fasted pigs. The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of central administration of the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-2-pyridinyl-cyclohexane carbox-amide maleate (WAY 100635), on the stimulant and depressant effects of 8-OH-DPAT on operant food intake in satiated and hungry pigs. In Experiment 1, 8-OH-DPAT (25 microg/kg) produced an increase in operant feeding during the first 30 min following intravenous administration to satiated pigs. The 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperphagia was completely abolished by pretreatment with WAY 100635 (0.3 mg) administered by intracerebroventricular injection. In Experiment 2, 8-OH-DPAT (25 microg/kg) administered intravenously 15 min prior to the onset of feeding in pigs that had been fasted for 22.5 h produced a decrease in operant food intake, which was most apparent during the first 30 min of the feeding period. The hypophagic effect was completely abolished by pretreatment with WAY 100635 (0.3 mg icv) administered 30 min before the start of the feeding period. In both experiments, WAY 100635 (0.3 mg icv) did not have any significant effects on feeding. The results of the present study extend previous results in the pig and show that both the hyperphagic and the hypophagic effects of 8-OH-DPAT in satiated and fasted pigs, respectively, are mediated by central 5-HT(1A) receptors.

Asunto(s)

8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralin/farmacología , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ayuno/psicología , Hambre/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Serotonina/efectos de los fármacos , Respuesta de Saciedad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Piperazinas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Receptores de Serotonina 5-HT1 , Porcinos

RESUMEN

Glucocorticoids bind to hippocampal mineralo-(MR) and gluco-(GR) corticoid receptors and, at high concentrations (e.g. as seen following treatment with pharmacological doses of corticosteroids or during stress), may affect hippocampal neuronal function. Such actions could involve brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its receptor, trkB, and the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. This experiment investigated the effect of a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (Dex, 5 mg kg(-1)) on gene expression for MR s, GR s, BDNF, trkB, and selected ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits (iGluRs), in the porcine hippocampus. Quantification of m RNA s in the brains of pigs (n = 4/treatment) killed 24 hours after saline or Dex administration indicated a significant Dex-induced decrease in BDNF m RNA in all hippocampal regions. However, gene expression for MR s, GR s, trkB and iGluRs was unaffected at this time-point.

Asunto(s)

Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/genética , Dexametasona/farmacología , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor trkB/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Porcinos/fisiología , Animales , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/biosíntesis , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiología , Hibridación in Situ/veterinaria , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Receptor trkB/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/biosíntesis , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/biosíntesis , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/biosíntesis , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética

RESUMEN

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids affect hypophysiotrophic regions of the brain and influence limbic system activity. Since the latter mediates emotional responses, changes in gene expression in regions such as the hippocampus may provide new information on neural stress mechanisms. In this study, mRNA for CRH and selected ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunits (NR1, GluR2, GluR3) was quantified in the hippocampus of pigs in which stress was simulated by central administration of CRH (100 microg). Increases in hippocampal CRH mRNA were detected in the CA3 subfield 4 h later, and in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields 24 h post-treatment. However, there were no associated changes in iGluR subunit mRNAs, although the ratio GluR3: GluR2 increased in the dentate gyrus after 4 h. These results, together with a recent similar finding in rats subjected to restraint, point to an involvement of hippocampal CRH in the neuronal response to stress.

Asunto(s)

Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/genética , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiología , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ventrículos Cerebrales/efectos de los fármacos , Ventrículos Cerebrales/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Cinética , Masculino , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular/fisiología , Células Piramidales/fisiología , ARN Mensajero/genética , Receptores AMPA/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Betacarbolines are often considered to be anxiogenic and may, therefore, have similar behavioral effects to those of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH); however, their actions have been little studied in pigs. This investigation was concerned with the effects of ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (BCCE) and noreleagnine (NOR) on operant feeding, cortisol release, and overt behavior in swine, all of which are known to be affected by CRH in this species. Three experiments are described in which BCCE or NOR were given intravenously to prepubertal boars (n = 7). In Experiment 1, 400 microg/kg, but not 100 or 200 microg/kg, BCCE produced a rapid inhibition of ingestive activity whereas NOR (100, 200, or 400 microg/kg) was without effect. In Experiment 2, both BCCE and NOR increased plasma cortisol, but not growth hormone, concentrations. In Experiment 3, a high dose of BCCE (2 mg/kg) produced transient arousal and a sustained increase in respiration rate and plasma cortisol. These results indicate that although the responses of pigs to BCCE and CRH are similar in some respects, there are also marked behavioral differences. The possibility that BCCE has aversive rather than anxiogenic actions in this species is discussed.

Asunto(s)

Ansiedad/inducido químicamente , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Carbolinas/farmacología , Animales , Ansiedad/psicología , Carbolinas/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Privación de Alimentos , Hormona del Crecimiento/sangre , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Neurotoxinas/administración & dosificación , Neurotoxinas/farmacología , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

Gene expression studies advance our understanding of the effects of stress and glucocorticoids on brain function and give a new direction to animal welfare research. In this context, the presence of messenger RNA s (m RNA s) for corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) in the porcine hypothalamus has recently been documented. This study investigated the expression of CRH, VP and ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunit m RNA s in the brains of pigs treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex; 5 mg kg(-1)i.v.). In the hypothalamus, VP, but not CRH, m RNA was reduced 3 hours after Dex. In the hippocampus, expression of m RNA s for some iGluR subunits appeared to be differentially regulated 6 hours after Dex. In addition, CRH message was detected in the hippocampus and significantly upregulated in the CA1 region 3 hours after Dex. The relevance of these findings to stress neurobiology of the growing pig is discussed.

Asunto(s)

Dexametasona/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/fisiología , Animales , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/biosíntesis , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/química , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/genética , Sondas de ADN/química , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Hibridación in Situ/veterinaria , Masculino , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/química , Receptores AMPA/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/biosíntesis , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/química , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/veterinaria , Vasopresinas/biosíntesis , Vasopresinas/química , Vasopresinas/genética

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Immune function can be restored in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency by transplantation of unfractionated bone marrow from HLA-identical donors or T-cell-depleted marrow stem cells from haploidentical donors, with whom there is a single haplotype mismatch, without the need for chemotherapy before transplantation or prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. The role of the thymus in this process is unknown. METHODS: We analyzed the phenotypes of circulating T cells and the proliferative responses of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin in 83 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency who received allogeneic marrow transplants without T-cell ablation from related donors over an 18-year period. We also tested for the presence of episomes of T-cell antigen receptors (extrachromosomal DNA circles formed during intrathymic T-cell development) to assess thymus-dependent T-cell reconstitution. RESULTS: Before and early after transplantation, the numbers of circulating T cells were low, with a predominance of mature CD45RO+ T cells (primarily resulting from the transplacental transfer of maternal cells); T-cell antigen-receptor episomes were undetectable in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. In 73 of the infants, thymus-derived T cells expressing CD45RA and T-cell antigen-receptor episomes were detected within three to six weeks after transplantation. The mean (+/-SD) value for thymus-dependent T-cell antigen-receptor episomes peaked (at 7311+/-8652 per microgram of peripheral-blood mononuclear-cell DNA) 1 to 2 years after transplantation and declined to low levels (less than 100 episomes per microgram of DNA) within 14 years, as compared with a gradual decline from birth to the age of about 80 years in normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The vestigial thymus in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency is functional and can produce enough T cells after bone marrow transplantation to provide normal immune function.

Asunto(s)

Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/terapia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Timo/inmunología , Humanos , Lactante , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito , Recuento de Linfocitos , Fenotipo , Plásmidos/análisis , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/inmunología , Timo/fisiología

RESUMEN

Previously we have shown that an increase in endogenous monoamine oxidase A inhibitory activity (MAO-AI), measured in human saliva, both precedes and predicts psychological stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, as determined by the cortisol response. We now report the relationship between endogenous MAO-AI and the cortisol response in the plasma of prepubertal pigs (n=5 or 6) under two experimental paradigms of HPA activation. In the first condition, pigs were physically restrained (snaring) for 15 minutes. Blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters at intervals before and after snaring (a sampling period of about 1 hour), and at the same time intervals on a separate day to provide baseline measures. Both cortisol concentration and percentage MAO-AI were determined in each plasma sample. There was a pronounced cortisol response on the snaring day (cortisol peaked 30 minutes after the start of the snaring). There was also a significant MAO-AI response to snaring which peaked 15 minutes after the start of the stress challenge. In the second experimental paradigm, bacterial endotoxin (LPS: 20microg/pig) was used to induce HPA activation and plasma cortisol and MAO-AI were determined. This time, however, the cortisol response was not preceded by any change in MAO-AI. We conclude that generation of MAO-AI, which is associated with HPA activation induced by psychological stress, is not a component of the pathways involved in immunological stimulation of the HPA axis.

Asunto(s)

Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa/farmacología , Monoaminooxidasa/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Endotoxinas/farmacología , Hidrocortisona/farmacología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Masculino , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Porcinos

RESUMEN

Records of behavior (alertness, posture, oro-nasal responses, activity level, and vocalization pattern) were made in prepubertal pigs (n = 6) during a 60-min period following central injections of equimolar (21 nmol) doses of porcine CRH (pCRH), urocortin (UCN), octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), or saline vehicle (SAL). Blood samples were also collected at 15-min intervals before, during, and after the test, and used to determine plasma cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone concentrations. The pigs became excited and highly active after pCRH, and to a lesser extent following UCN administration, but were subdued when given ODN or SAL. None of the peptides significantly affected prolactin or growth hormone release, but both UCN, and especially pCRH, increased cortisol concentrations. The emotional responses induced by pCRH and UCN are consistent with observations in rodents, which indicate that centrally administered CRH-like peptides have anxiogenic effects. In contrast, ODN, which inhibits benzodiazepine binding at the GABA(A) receptor and is anxiogenic in rodents, lowered plasma cortisol and had no overt behavioral effects. Hence, at the dose administered, there was no evidence to indicate that ODN acted as an anxiogen in this species.

Asunto(s)

Ansiedad/inducido químicamente , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/farmacología , Neuropéptidos/farmacología , Animales , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/administración & dosificación , Inhibidor de la Unión a Diazepam , Hormona del Crecimiento/sangre , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Neuropéptidos/administración & dosificación , Fragmentos de Péptidos , Prolactina/sangre , Receptores de GABA-A/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de GABA-A/fisiología , Porcinos , Urocortinas

RESUMEN

The possible involvement of an endogenous benzodiazepine (BZ) inverse agonist in the activational effects of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) on behaviour was examined in pigs given porcine CRH (75 microg) intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and the BZ antagonist flumazenil (FLU; 0.09 mg/kg) intravenously (i.v.). In Experiment 1, behaviour was recorded for 75 min in pigs (n=5) given i.v. FLU or saline (SAL) followed by i.c.v. CRH or vehicle (VEH). Significant changes in arousal, posture and oro-nasal activity were induced by CRH, whereas FLU alone had no effect but appeared to reduce some responses to CRH. In Experiment 2, behaviour was observed for 60 min in pigs (n=6) given i.c.v. CRH followed by i.v. FLU, VEH or diazepam (DZ; 0.2 mg/kg). Behavioural responses to CRH, however, were unaffected by FLU, whereas certain aspects of arousal, posture and oro-nasal activity were reduced by DZ; a higher dose of DZ (0.3 mg/kg) given before CRH tended to enhance these inhibitory effects. All treatments also produced similar increases in plasma cortisol. Taken together with previous findings, the negligible effect of FLU in this study suggests that endogenous ligands for the BZ binding site on the GABA(A) receptor are of little importance in regulating the behavioural actions of CRH in swine.

Asunto(s)

Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/farmacología , Diazepam/farmacología , Flumazenil/farmacología , Moduladores del GABA/farmacología , Antagonistas de Hormonas/farmacología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Animales , Nivel de Alerta/efectos de los fármacos , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Masculino , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Receptores de GABA-A/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de GABA-A/fisiología , Porcinos

RESUMEN

The effects of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2 (di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated on operant food intake in food-deprived pigs. In Experiment 1, 8-OH-DPAT (5-20 microg/kg) administered intravenously (i.v.) 15 min prior to the occurrence of feeding produced a dose-related decrease in operant food intake in pigs that had been fasted overnight. The effects were mainly apparent during the first 30 min after the start of the feeding period. In Experiment 2, 8-OH-DPAT (25 and 50 microg/kg, i.v.) administered 60 min prior to the occurrence of feeding in pigs that were fasted overnight also produced significant decreases in food intake. The effects were mainly apparent during the first 30-40 min after the start of the feeding period. In Experiment 3, 8-OH-DPAT (20 microg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased operant feeding in satiated pigs during the first 30 min after administration. These results show that 8-OH-DPAT has complex effects on feeding behaviour in pigs, increasing operant food intake in satiated pigs, while producing a reduction in food intake in food-deprived animals.

Asunto(s)

8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralin/farmacología , Regulación del Apetito/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Privación de Alimentos/fisiología , Agonistas de Receptores de Serotonina/farmacología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Regulación del Apetito/fisiología , Conducta Apetitiva/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Apetitiva/fisiología , Condicionamiento Operante/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Masculino , Receptores de Serotonina/fisiología , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

Vasopressin has been implicated as a centrally acting endogenous antipyretic. However, in several species, including the pig, plasma vasopressin concentrations increase during the early stages of fever. This experiment investigated the effects of intravenous lysine vasopressin on core temperature in normal and febrile swine. Lysine vasopressin (20 microg/pig) stimulated cortisol release and induced a 60-min hypothermic episode in normal animals, although a 10-fold lower dose was without effect. The peptide also delayed the pyretic response to bacterial endotoxin (20 microg intravenously). It is speculated that the hypothermic action of circulating vasopressin may involve nitric oxide.

Asunto(s)

Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Lipresina/farmacología , Animales , Lipresina/administración & dosificación , Lipresina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Adenohipófisis/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Long-term exposure to UV radiation and severe sunburns increase one's risk of experiencing malignant melanoma later in life, so parents need to be informed about how to protect children from overexposure to the sun. We attempted to determine readability of skin cancer brochures targeted toward parents of young children. SMOG and FOG readability formulas were applied to 8 brochures published by the American Cancer Society, Skin Cancer Foundation, American Academy of Dermatology, and the Anti-Cancer Council. Readability levels of the brochures ranged between the 8th and 12th grade levels. To reduce the incidence of skin cancer, sun-safe knowledge and behavior should start in childhood. Pediatricians need access to brochures written at readability levels for the average parent. Skin cancer brochures written at the eighth or ninth grade comprehension levels may allow pediatricians to educate more parents about the importance of skin cancer prevention in childhood.

Asunto(s)

Educación en Salud , Folletos , Padres , Neoplasias Cutáneas/prevención & control , Niño , Humanos

RESUMEN

Efforts to increase the sun-protective behaviors of children were extended to outdoor recreational sports and youth soccer settings in this study. The pretest results of a pilot survey of coaches (n = 12), parents (n = 50), and youths (n = 61) on eight soccer teams in south Georgia were used to guide the development of a health education program for coaches. In the pilot programs, half the coaches were trained to be involved in soccer-playing youths' sun protection by acting as positive role models and promoting sun protection to youths and their parents. The pilot demonstrated coaches' willingness to participate in sun protection promotion to youth: Youths indicated that coaches and parents were more likely to tell youths to wear sunscreen after the training than before, and coaches perceived getting youths to wear sunscreen to be less difficult than before.

Asunto(s)

Educación en Salud/métodos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Neoplasias Cutáneas/prevención & control , Fútbol , Quemadura Solar/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Niño , Curriculum , Femenino , Georgia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Padres , Proyectos Piloto , Autoeficacia

RESUMEN

The possibility that adrenocortical activation might alter the pyretic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in growing pigs was investigated. In a series of four experiments, animals received increasing doses of porcine adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH (1.5, 4.5, 13.5 IU kg-1) or CRH (7 microg kg-1), all of which markedly affected cortisol release. Unexpectedly, these treatments tended to increase body temperature during the early and middle stages of the febrile response, although they did appear to induce an earlier deferscence. These results suggest that acute stress may not modify fever induced by immunological challenge, although a different situation could obtain during chronic stress. Furthermore, a hypothesis of fever regulation is proposed which attempts to reconcile the present findings with those from previous studies in swine.

Asunto(s)

Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/farmacología , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/fisiología , Corteza Suprarrenal/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Suprarrenal/fisiología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/fisiología , Animales , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli , Fiebre/inducido químicamente , Masculino , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/efectos de los fármacos , Maduración Sexual , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo