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The Hanwoo traceability system currently utilizes 11 dinucleotide repeat microsatellite (MS) markers. However, dinucleotide repeat markers are known to have a high incidence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) artifacts, such as stutter bands, which can complicate the accurate reading of alleles. In this study, we examined the polymorphisms of the 11 dinucleotide repeat MS markers currently employed in traceability systems. Additionally, we explored four trinucleotide repeat MS markers and one tetranucleotide repeat MS marker in a sample of 1,106 Hanwoo cattle. We also assessed the potential utility of the tri- and tetranucleotide repeat MS markers. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of the five tri- and tetranucleotide repeat markers ranged from 0.663 to 0.767 (mean: 0.722), sufficiently polymorphic and slightly higher than the mean (0.716) of the current 11 dinucleotide repeat markers. Using all 16 markers, the mean PIC was 0.718. The estimated probability of identity (PI) was 3.13 × 10-12 using the 11 dinucleotide repeat markers, 7.03 × 10-6 using the five tri- and tetranucleotide repeat markers, and 2.39 × 10-17 using all 16 markers; the respective PIhalf-sibs values were 2.69 × 10-9, 1.29 × 10-4, and 3.42 × 10-13; and the respective PIsibs values were 3.89 × 10-5, 9.6 × 10-3, and 3.69 × 10-7. The probability of exclusion1 (PE1) was 0.999864 for the 11 dinucleotide repeat markers, 0.981141 for five of the tri- and tetranucleotide repeat markers, and > 0.99 for all 16 markers; the respective PE2 values were 0.994632, 0.901369, and > 0.99; and the respective PE3 values were 0.998702, > 0.99, and > 0.99. The five investigated tri- and tetranucleotide repeat MS markers can be used in combination with the 11 existing MS markers to improve the accuracy of individual identification and paternity testing in Hanwoo.

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Background: Evidence linking environmental toxicants to sleep quality is growing; however, these associations during pregnancy remain unclear. We examined the associations of repeated measures of urinary phthalates in early and late pregnancy with multiple markers of sleep quality among pregnant women. Methods: The study population included 2324 pregnant women from the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study. We analyzed spot urine samples collected at two time points during pregnancy for exposure biomarkers of eight phthalate metabolites. We investigated associations between four summary phthalates (all phthalates: ∑Phthalates; di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: ∑DEHP; phthalates from plastic sources: ∑Plastic; and antiandrogenic phthalates: ∑AA) and eight individual phthalates and self-reported sleep measures using generalized ordinal logistic regression and generalized estimating equations models that accounted for repeated exposure measurements. The models were adjusted for age, body mass index, education, gestational age, income, physical activity, smoking, occupation, chronic diseases, depression, and urinary cotinine levels. Results: Multiple individual phthalates and summary measures of phthalate mixtures, including ∑Plastic, ∑DEHP, ∑AA, and ∑Phthalates, were associated with lower sleep efficiency. To illustrate, every 1-unit log increase in ∑AA was associated with a reduction of sleep efficiency by 1.37 % (95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.41, -0.32). ∑AA and ∑Phthalates were also associated with shorter sleep duration and longer sleep latency. Associations between summary phthalate measures and sleep efficiency differed by urinary cotinine levels (P for subgroup difference < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings suggest that higher phthalate exposure may be related to lower sleep efficiency, shorter sleep duration, and prolonged sleep latency during pregnancy.

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This study aimed to produce single-chain recombinant Anguillid eel follicle-stimulating hormone (rec-eel FSH) analogs with high activity in Cricetulus griseus ovary DG44 (CHO DG44) cells. We recently reported that an O-linked glycosylated carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) of the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) ß-subunit contributes to high activity and time-dependent secretion in mammalian cells. We constructed a mutant (FSH-M), in which a linker including the eCG ß-subunit CTP region (amino acids 115-149) was inserted between the ß-subunit and α-subunit of wild-type single-chain eel FSH (FSH-wt). Plasmids containing eel FSH-wt and eel FSH-M were transfected into CHO DG44 cells, and single cells expressing each protein were isolated from 10 and 7 clones. Secretion increased gradually during the cultivation period and peaked at 4000-5000 ng/mL on day 9. The molecular weight of eel FSH-wt was 34-40 kDa, whereas that of eel FSH-M increased substantially, with two bands at 39-46 kDa. Treatment with PNGase F to remove the N glycosylation sites decreased the molecular weight remarkably to approximately 8 kDa. The EC50 value and maximal responsiveness of eel FSH-M were approximately 1.23- and 1.06-fold higher than those of eel FSH-wt, indicating that the mutant showed slightly higher biological activity. Phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) activation exhibited a sharp peak at 5 min, followed by a rapid decline. These findings indicate that the new rec-eel FSH molecule with the eCG ß-subunit CTP linker shows potent activity and could be produced in massive quantities using the stable CHO DG44 cell system.

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Background and Objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. The Steady Movement with Innovating Leadership for Heart Failure (SMILE HF) aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics, management, hospital course, and long-term outcomes of patients hospitalized for acute HF in South Korea. Methods: This prospective, observational multicenter cohort study was conducted on consecutive patients hospitalized for acute HF in nine university hospitals since September 2019. Enrolment of 2000 patients should be completed in 2024, and follow-up is planned through 2025. Results: Interim analysis of 1,052 consecutive patients was performed to understand the baseline characteristics. The mean age was 69±15 years; 57.6% were male. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 39±15%. The prevalences of HF with reduced ejection fraction, HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction, and HF with preserved ejection fraction were 50.9%, 15.3%, and 29.2%. Ischemic cardiomyopathy (CMP) was the most common etiology (32%), followed by tachycardia-induced CMP (12.8%) and idiopathic dilated CMP (9.5%). The prescription rate of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor, beta-blockers, spironolactone, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors at discharge were 76.8%, 66.5%, 50.0%, and 17.5%, respectively. The post-discharge 90-day mortality and readmission rates due to HF aggravation were 2.0% and 6.4%, respectively. Our analysis reveals the current state of acute HF in South Korea. Conclusions: Our interim analysis provides valuable insights into the clinical characteristics, management, and early outcomes of acute HF patients in South Korea, highlighting the current state and treatment patterns in this population.

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BACKGROUND: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). While the relationship between smoking and the risk of cardiovascular diseases is established, the impact of changing smoking habits post-IS on the risk of subsequent MI remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of alterations in smoking behavior following an IS diagnosis on the likelihood of experiencing an MI. METHODS: Utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database, this nationwide population-based cohort study included 199,051 participants diagnosed with IS between January 2010 and December 2016. Smoking status was categorized based on changes in smoking habits before and after IS diagnosis. The association between changes in smoking behavior and the risk of subsequent MI was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 4.17 person-years, a total of 5,734 (2.88%) patients were diagnosed with MI after IS. Smoking quitters (2.93%) or former smokers (2.47%) have a similar or lower rate of MI than the average, even if they have smoked cigarettes, while sustained smokers (3.46%) or new smokers (3.81%) have much higher rates of MI. Among sustained and new smokers, the risk of incident MI was significantly higher than never smokers (new smoker adjusted HR [aHR]: 1.496, 95% CI: 1.262-1.774; sustained smoker aHR: 1.494, 95% CI: 1.361-1.641). Also, among the study participants, approximately two-thirds continued smoking after their IS diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Changing smoking habits after an IS diagnosis significantly influences the risk of subsequent MI. Specifically, continuing or starting to smoke after an IS diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of MI. These results underscore the importance of targeted smoking cessation interventions for stroke patients to reduce the risk of subsequent MI.

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We produced a recombinant eel luteinizing hormone (rec-eel LH) analog with high potency in Chinese hamster ovary DG44 (CHO DG44) cells. The tethered eel LH mutant (LH-M), which had a linker comprising the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eLH/CG) ß-subunit carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) region (amino acids 115 to 149), was inserted between the ß-subunit and α-subunit of wild-type tethered eel LH (LH-wt). Monoclonal cells transfected with the tethered eel LH-wt and eel LH-M plasmids were isolated from five to nine clones of CHO DG44 cells, respectively. The secreted quantities abruptly increased on day 3, with peak levels of 5000-7500 ng/mL on day 9. The molecular weight of tethered rec-eel LH-wt was 32-36 kDa, while that of tethered rec-eel LH-M increased to approximately 38-44 kDa, indicating the detection of two bands. Treatment with the peptide N-glycanase F decreased the molecular weight by approximately 8 kDa. The oligosaccharides at the eCG ß-subunit O-linked glycosylation sites were appropriately modified post-translation. The EC50 value and maximal responsiveness of eel LH-M increased by approximately 2.90- and 1.29-fold, respectively, indicating that the mutant exhibited more potent biological activity than eel LH-wt. Phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK1/2) activation resulted in a sharp peak 5 min after agonist treatment, with a rapid decrease thereafter. These results indicate that the new tethered rec-eel LH analog had more potent activity in cAMP response than the tethered eel LH-wt in vitro. Taken together, this new eel LH analog can be produced in large quantities using a stable CHO DG44 cell system.

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This study investigated the transcriptomic responses of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and liver in newborn Hanwoo calves subjected to maternal overnutrition during mid- to late gestation. Eight Hanwoo cows were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups. The treatment group received a diet of 4.5 kg of concentrate and 6.5 kg of rice straw daily, resulting in intake levels of 8.42 kg DMI, 5.69 kg TDN, and 0.93 kg CP-higher than the control group (6.07 kg DMI, 4.07 kg TDN, and 0.65 kg CP), with respective NEm values of 9.56 Mcal and 6.68 Mcal. Following birth, newly born calves were euthanized humanely as per ethical guidelines, and SAT and liver samples from newborn calves were collected for RNA extraction and analysis. RNA sequencing identified 192 genes that were differentially expressed in the SAT (17 downregulated and 175 upregulated); notably, HSPA6 emerged as the most significantly upregulated gene in the SAT and as the singular upregulated gene in the liver (adj-p value < 0.05). Additionally, differential gene expression analysis highlighted extensive changes across genes associated with adipogenesis, fibrogenesis, and stress response. The functional enrichment pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) unraveled the intricate networks and biological processes impacted by overnutrition, including extracellular matrix organization, cell surface receptor signaling, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These findings underscore maternal overnutrition's substantial influence on developmental pathways, suggesting profound cellular modifications with potential lasting effects on health and productivity. Despite the robust insights that are provided, the study's limitations (sample size) underscore the necessity for further research.

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BACKGROUND: The impact of changes in physical activity after ischemic stroke (IS) on the subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) risk is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the effects of changes in physical activity on the risk of MI after acute IS using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database. METHODS: 224,764 patients newly diagnosed with IS between 2010 and 2016 who underwent two serial biannual health checkups were included. The participants were divided into four categories according to changes in their physical activity: persistent non-exercisers, new exercisers, exercise dropouts, and exercise maintainers. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of incident MI. Multivariable Cox proportional models were used to assess the effects of changes in exercise habits on the risk of MI. RESULTS: After a median of 4.25 years of follow-up, 6,611 (2.94%) MI cases were observed. After adjusting for confounders, new exercisers and exercise maintainers were significantly associated with a lower risk of incident MI than persistent non-exercisers (aHR, 0.849; 95% CI, 0.792-0.911; P-value < 0.001; and aHR, 0.746; 95% CI, 0.696-0.801; P-value < 0.001, respectively). Effects were consistent across sexes, more pronounced in those > 65 years. Notably, any level of physical activity after stroke was associated with a reduced MI risk compared to no exercise. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide cohort study, commencing or sustaining physical activity after an IS corresponded to a diminished likelihood of subsequent MI development. Advocating physical activity in ambulatory stroke survivors could potentially attenuate the prospective risk of MI.

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ABSTRACT: Background: Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a procoagulant polyanion. We assessed the impact of polyP inhibition on thrombin generation after trauma using the novel polyP antagonists, macromolecular polyanion inhibitor 8 (MPI 8), and universal heparin reversal agent 8 (UHRA-8). Methods: Plasma thrombin generation (calibrated automated thrombogram, CAT), in 56 trauma patients and 39 controls +/- MPI 8 and UHRA-8 (50 µg/mL), was expressed as lag time (LT, minutes), peak height (PH, nM), and time to peak (ttPeak, minutes), with change in LT (ΔLT) and change in ttPeak (ΔttPeak) quantified. Results expressed in median and quartiles [Q1, Q3], Wilcoxon matched-pairs testing, P < 0.05 significant. Results: Trauma patients had greater baseline PH than controls (182.9 [121.0, 255.2]; 120.5 [62.1, 174.8], P < 0.001). MPI 8 treatment prolonged LT and ttPeak in trauma (7.20 [5.88, 8.75]; 6.46 [5.45, 8.93], P = 0.020; 11.28 [8.96, 13.14]; 11.00 [8.95, 12.94], P = 0.029) and controls (7.67 [6.67, 10.50]; 6.33 [5.33, 8.00], P < 0.001; 13.33 [11.67, 15.33]; 11.67 [10.33, 13.33], P < 0.001). UHRA-8 treatment prolonged LT and ttPeak and decreased PH in trauma (9.09 [7.45, 11.33]; 6.46 [5.45, 8.93]; 14.02 [11.78, 17.08]; 11.00 [8.95, 12.94]; 117.4 [74.5, 178.6]; 182.9 [121.0, 255.2]) and controls (9.83 [8.00, 12.33]; 6.33 [5.33, 8.00]; 16.67 [14.33, 20.00]; 11.67 [10.33, 13.33]; 55.3 [30.2, 95.9]; 120.5 [62.1, 174.8]), all P < 0.001. Inhibitor effects were greater for controls (greater ΔLT and ΔttPeak for both inhibitors, P < 0.001). Conclusion: PolyP inhibition attenuates thrombin generation, though to a lesser degree in trauma than in controls, suggesting that polyP contributes to accelerated thrombin generation after trauma.

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BACKGROUND: Although many studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke from passive smoking have been conducted, most of such studies have only focused on the chemicals produced by active combustion. The current study examined the extent to which uncombusted and packaged cigarettes in cigarette racks at retail stores diffuse airborne nicotine. METHODS: Airborne nicotine samples were collected for 15 days on passive monitors mounted near the indoor cigarette racks (Point 1) and farthest point from the cigarette racks (Point 2) in tobacco retailer stores (N=95) in South Korea (5 months, data collection from January to May in 2022. RESULTS: The average airborne nicotine level was 0.0908 ug/m3 at Point 1 and 0.0345 ug/m3 at Point 2. We found a positive correlation (r=0.647, p <0.001) in nicotine concentration between the two measurement points. The interior size of the target stores was positively correlated (r=0.334, p <0.001) with the within-store difference in nicotine concentration between the two measurement points. The airborne nicotine concentration at Point 1 was statistically significantly higher than at Point 2 (z=-2.326, p=0.020, effect size: 0.2215), especially at larger stores. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that packaged, unopened, and uncombusted cigarettes in cigarette racks at tobacco retailers emits airborne nicotine, which is a previously unrecognized source of nicotine exposure. This result has implications for policy considerations, such as the potential installation of ventilation systems on cigarette racks or the exploration of alternative packaging methods.

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BACKGROUND: Nurses providing care to patients with end-of-life or terminal illnesses often encounter ethically challenging situations leading to moral distress. However, existing quantitative studies have examined moral distress using instruments that address general clinical situations rather than those specific to end-of-life care. Furthermore, qualitative studies have often been limited to participants from a single unit or those experiencing moral distress-induced circumstances. A comprehensive and integrated understanding of the overarching process of moral distress is vital to discern the unique circumstances surrounding end-of-life care and its consequential impacts. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To explore the moral distress experiences of nurses who are frequently involved in caring for patients with end-of-life or terminal illnesses and apply it to two existing theories: the model of moral distress and the ecological model. RESEARCH DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive approach was employed. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Seven focus group interviews involving 30 nurses were performed. The subsequent transcriptions underwent rigorous content analysis. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: We obtained Institutional Review Board approval from a university. Focus group interviews were conducted with nurses who agreed to participate and signed the consent form. FINDINGS: The moral distress-inducing factors and nurses' perceived impact of moral distress were identified and categorized based on moral distress theories and ecological models. A total of 15 categories and 30 subcategories across the following 4 domains were derived: (1) intrapersonal, (2) interpersonal, (3) organizational, and (4) structural factors. CONCLUSIONS: End-of-life-specific circumstances induced moral distress among nurses, with both negative and positive impacts identified. Effective organizational and policy support is essential to manage conflicts, form a healthy organizational culture, provide training, and prevent unnecessary expenses due to the negative consequences of moral distress.

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Reduced complexity during the writhing period can be crucial in the spontaneous movements of high-risk infants for neurologic impairment. This study aimed to verify the association between quantified complexity of upper and lower-limb movements at term-equivalent age and motor development in very-preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. Video images of spontaneous movements at term-equivalent age were collected from very-preterm or very-low-birth-weight infants. A pretrained pose-estimation model and sample entropy (SE) quantified the complexity of the upper- and lower-limb movements. Motor development was evaluated at 9 months of corrected age using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The SE measures were compared between infants with and without motor developmental delay (MDD). Among 90 infants, 11 exhibited MDD. SE measures at most of the upper and lower limbs were significantly reduced in infants with MDD compared to those without MDD (p < 0.05). Composite scores in the motor domain showed significant positive correlations with SE measures at most upper and lower limbs (p < 0.05). The results show that limb-movement complexity at term-equivalent age is reduced in infants with MDD at 9 months of corrected age. SE of limb movements can be a potentially useful kinematic parameter to detect high-risk infants for MDD.

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Camellia is an important plant genus that includes well-known species such as C. sinensis, C. oleifera, and C. japonica. The C. sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok', one of Korea's standard types of tea landraces, is a small evergreen tree or shrub. Genome annotation has shown that Korean tea plants have special and unique benefits and superior components, such as catechin. The genome of Camellia sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok' was assembled on the chromosome level, with a length of 2678.62 Mbp and GC content of 38.16%. Further, 15 chromosome-scale scaffolds comprising 82.43% of the assembly (BUSCO completeness, 94.3%) were identified. Analysis of 68,151 protein-coding genes showed an average of 5.003 exons per gene. Among 82,481 coding sequences, the majority (99.06%) were annotated by Uniprot/Swiss-Prot. Further analysis revealed that 'Sangmok' is closely related to C. sinensis, with a divergence time of 60 million years ago. A total of 3336 exclusive gene families in 'Sangmok' were revealed by gene ontology analysis to play roles in auxin transport and cellular response mechanisms. By comparing these exclusive genes with 551 similar catechin genes, 17 'Sangmok'-specific catechin genes were identified by qRT-PCR, including those involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis and related to cytochrome P450. The 'Sangmok' genome exhibited distinctive genes compared to those of related species. This comprehensive genomic investigation enhances our understanding of the genetic architecture of 'Sangmok' and its specialized functions. The findings contribute valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional aspects of this plant species.

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Background: Particulate air pollution and residential greenness are associated with sleep quality in the general population; however, their influence on maternal sleep quality during pregnancy has not been assessed. Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the individual and interactive effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and residential greenness on sleep quality in pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women (n = 4933) enrolled in the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study with sleep quality information and residential address were included. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The average concentrations of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) during pregnancy were estimated through land use regression, and residential greenness in a 1000 m buffer area around participants' residences was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI1000-m). Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the associations between PM and NDVI and poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) after controlling for a range of covariates. A four-way mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effects of PM. Results: After adjusting for confounders, each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 exposure was associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality (relative risk [RR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.11; and RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13, respectively), and each 0.1-unit increase in NDVI1000-m was associated with a lower risk of poor sleep quality (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99). Mediation analysis showed that PM mediated approximately 37%-56% of the association between residential greenness and poor sleep quality. Conclusions: This study identified a positive association between residential greenness and sleep quality. Furthermore, these associations are mediated by a reduction in exposure to particulate air pollution and highlight the link between green areas, air pollution control, and human health.

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This study aimed to compare the long-term effects of flexion- and extension-based lumbar exercises on chronic axial low back pain (LBP). This was a 1-year follow-up of a prospective, assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial. Patients with axial LBP (intensity ≥ 5/10) for > 6 months allocated to the flexion or extension exercise group. Patients underwent four sessions of a supervised treatment program and were required to perform their assigned exercises daily at home. Clinical outcomes were obtained at baseline, 1, 3, 6 months, and 1-year. A total of 56 patients (age, 54.3 years) were included, with 27 and 29 in the flexion and extension groups, respectively. Baseline pain and functional scales were similar between both groups. The mean (± standard deviation) baseline average back pain was 6.00 ± 1.00 and 5.83 ± 1.20 in the flexion and extension groups, respectively. At 1-year, the average pain was 3.78 ± 1.40 and 2.26 ± 2.62 (mean between-group difference, 1.52; 95% confidence interval 0.56-2.47; p = 0.002), favoring extension exercise. The extension group tended to have more improvements in current pain, least pain, and pain interference than the flexion group at 1-year. However, there was no group difference in worst pain and functional scales. In this controlled trial involving patients with chronic axial LBP, extension-based lumbar exercise was more effective in reducing pain than flexion-based exercises at 1-year, advocating lumbar extension movement pattern as a component for therapeutic exercise for chronic LBP.Clinical Trial Registration No.: NCT02938689 (Registered on www.clinicaltrial.gov ; first registration date was 19/10/2016).

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The northeastern East China Sea is a highly dynamic marine ecosystem influenced by seasonally varying water mass properties. However, despite being among the world's fastest-warming ocean, there has been limited investigation into the impacts of warming on protistan communities. We collected seawater from two stations (E42 and E46) with different natural protist communities and environmental attributes to investigate the acclimation of the two communities to artificially elevated temperatures (ambient T, +2, and +4 °C). Nutrient and Chl-a conditions reflected oceanographic differences, providing insights into protistan community dynamics. Notably, small-sized autotrophic protists prevailed in the phosphate-deficient E42 community, with mid-incubation heterotrophic conversions. Higher temperatures exacerbated the effects of the P deficiency on the E42 community. While the proportions of Bacillariophyta increased only in the nutrient-balanced E46 communities, those of mixotrophic dinoflagellates increased with elevated temperature, regardless of P deficiency, suggesting that mixotrophy likely aids adaptation in changing marine environments. In summary, the findings of this microcosm study illuminate the potential modulation of spring protistan communities in the northeastern East China Sea under anticipated future warming.

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Oomycetes are fungus-like heterotrophic organisms with a broad environmental distribution, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They function as saprotrophs that use the remains of other organisms or as parasites of a variety of eukaryotes, including protists, diatoms, dinoflagellates, macroalgae, plants, fungi, animals, and even other oomycetes. Among the protist hosts, the taxonomy, morphology, and phylogenetic positions of the oomycete parasitoids of diatoms have been well studied; however, this information concerning the oomycete parasitoids of dinoflagellates is poorly understood. During intensive sampling along the east and west coasts of Korea in May and October 2019, a new species of oomycetes was discovered and two strains of the new parasitoid were successfully established in cultures. The new oomycete parasitoid penetrated the dinoflagellate host cell and developed to form a sporangium, which was very similar to the perkinsozoan parasitoids that infect marine dinoflagellates. The most distinctive morphological feature of the new parasitoid was a central large vacuole forming several long discharge tubes. The molecular phylogenetic tree inferred based on the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) revealed that the new parasitoid forms a distinct branch unrelated to other described species belonging to early-diverging oomycetes. It clustered with species belonging to the genus Sirolpidium with strong support values in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) tree. Cross-infection experiments showed that infections by the new parasitoid occurred in only six genera belonging to dinoflagellates among the protists tested in this study. Based on the morphological and molecular data obtained in this study, we propose to introduce a new species, Sirolpidium dinoletiferum sp. nov., for this novel parasitoid, conservatively within the genus Sirolpidium.

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Assembling solution-processed van der Waals (vdW) materials into thin films holds great promise for constructing large-scale, high-performance thin-film electronics, especially at low temperatures. While transition metal dichalcogenide thin films assembled in solution have shown potential as channel materials, fully solution-processed vdW electronics have not been achieved due to the absence of suitable dielectric materials and high-temperature processing. In this work, we report on all-solution-processedvdW thin-film transistors (TFTs) comprising molybdenum disulfides (MoS2) as the channel and Dion-Jacobson-phase perovskite oxides as the high-permittivity dielectric. The constituent layers are prepared as colloidal solutions through electrochemical exfoliation of bulk crystals, followed by sequential assembly into a semiconductor/dielectric heterostructure for TFT construction. Notably, all fabrication processes are carried out at temperatures below 250 °C. The fabricated MoS2 TFTs exhibit excellent device characteristics, including high mobility (>10 cm2 V-1 s-1) and an on/off ratio exceeding 106. Additionally, the use of a high-k dielectric allows for operation at low voltage (∼5 V) and leakage current (∼10-11 A), enabling low power consumption. Our demonstration of the low-temperature fabrication of high-performance TFTs presents a cost-effective and scalable approach for heterointegrated thin-film electronics.

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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Second-hand smoking (SHS) is usually examined by self-report (SR). However, there is a possibility that SR may not accurately measure SHS exposure. This study aimed to identify yearly trends and gender differences in SHS by SR and cotinine. METHODS: We used data from the 2009-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and included adults aged 19 years and older. We analyzed data of 47,907 respondents on SHS exposures in the past week and of 23,572 respondents who had both urine cotinine and creatinine measurements. SHS exposure was defined as those who answered 'yes' to whether or not they were exposed to smoking by SR. We performed descriptive analysis, Average annual percentage change (AAPC), and multiple regression analysis. All analyses were weighted reflecting the multi-stratified cluster sampling. RESULTS: Exposure to SHS indoors at the work place (WSHS) (2009: 44.8%, 2018: 12.3%), indoors at home (HSHS) (2009: 14.1%, 2018: 3.9%), and indoors at public places (PSHS) (2013: 55.6%, 2018: 15.4%) decreased steadily over the years. WSHS and PSHS exposure was higher for males but HSHS was higher for females. However, the concentration of cotinine-to-creatinine ratio (Co/Cr) was higher among females regardless of SHS exposure status and environment. Multiple regression analysis showed that among males, the association between Co/Cr education level and WSHS was the strongest, and among females, the association was the strongest with HSHS. In addition, home exposure to SHS intensified the differences in Co/Cr levels between males and females. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed that cotinine-induced SHS showed different results by year and gender compared to SR. In particular, Co/Cr level in females was higher than in males regardless of exposure by SR, suggesting that SR did not correctly evaluate SHS. To reflect reality more accurately, biomarkers should be monitored along with SR.

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INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to trauma-induced coagulopathy. We aimed to develop a murine multiple-injury model that induces thrombo-inflammatory response, that is, NETosis and accelerated thrombin generation. METHODS: Wild-type male mice (n = 10, aged 8-12 weeks) underwent multiple injuries (gastrocnemius crush, femur fracture, and laparotomy) and were compared with an uninjured control group (n = 10). Mice were euthanized by cardiac puncture performed 3 hours after injury. Whole blood samples were immediately processed to platelet poor plasma for thrombin generation kinetics (calibrated automated thrombogram), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and von Willebrand factor quantification. Immunohistochemistry of lung tissue was performed to assess for citrullinated histone 3 (CitH3) and MPO. A NETosis cluster was defined as 3+ neutrophils staining for CitH3 at 400× magnification (CitH3 cluster). Data were presented either as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range) with p < 0.05 significant. Sham and trauma treated animals were compared by the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Animals subjected to multiple injuries had accelerated thrombin generation compared with controls with greater peak height (61.3 [41.2-73.2] vs. 28.4 [19.5-37.5] nM, p = 0.035) and shorter time to peak (3.37 [2.81-3.81] vs. 4.5 [4.08-4.75] minutes, p = 0.046). Markers of neutrophil activation were greater following multiple injuries than in controls (MPO, 961.1 [858.1-1116.8] vs. 481.3 [438.0-648.9] ng/mL; p = 0.004). NETosis, as evidenced by the aforementioned defined number of CitH3 clusters in the lung, was greater in multiple-injury animals than in controls (mean [SD], 3 [2.9] vs. 0.2 [0.7]; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate that NETosis and accelerated thrombin generation can be induced using a murine multiple-injury model, as early as 3 hours following injury.

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