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In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a Global Action Plan on Physical Activity (PA), which included 20 policy actions for creating active societies, environments, people and systems. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the themes/contents of national PA policies/plans conforming to the WHO's proposals and the country's economy. This review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews. A systematic search of electronic databases (Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) and 441 government documents/websites from 215 countries/territories was conducted (February 2021). Documents on national-level policies, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese since 2000, were eligible. The information on content and structure was systematically extracted and summarized into dimensions proposed by the WHO: active societies, environments, people and systems. The search identified 888 article references and 586 potentially relevant documents. After the screening, 84 policy documents from 64 countries were eligible. Most documents (n = 46) provided detailed PA policies/plans amid other health topics (e.g. non-communicable diseases, named 'general documents'), and 38 were PA-specific. The content analysis merged 54 visions, 65 missions, 108 principles, 119 objectives, 53 priorities, 105 targets, 126 indicators and 1780 actions/strategies from 38 PA-specific and 46 general documents. Among the PA-specific documents, the active system's dimension was the most contemplated in the principles (n = 43), priorities (n = 51) and action/strategies (n = 530) elements. At the same time, the objectives (n = 39), targets (n = 52) and indicators (n = 58) presented contents more frequently related to the active people dimension. For the general documents, all principles (n = 4), objectives (n = 14) and priorities (n = 7) were related to the dimension of active people, while target (n = 51), indicator (n = 53) and actions/strategies (n = 292) elements presented content related to all dimensions. The increase in countries with national PA policies/plans should be followed by improving the current ones because important dimensions seem to be not considered in these documents. This will facilitate a global PA agenda that considers the complexity and multidimensionality of PA promotion.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolução da implementação do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) ao longo dos 15 anos no Brasil. Utilizou-se a abordagem metodológica mista, envolvendo a combinação de análise documental e estudo ecológico com dados secundários de 2007 a 2021 registrados no processo histórico de implementação do PSE no Brasil. Observou-se que, nesses 15 anos, o PSE avançou não somente impactando expressivamente no percentual de municípios que aderiram ao Programa, mas também na sua estrutura e formatação, tendo o território como principal lócus do seu desenvolvimento e a articulação entre saúde e educação como a estratégia propulsora de arranjos locais. Ademais, o modelo de gestão intersetorial do PSE auxilia a articulação das redes de saúde e de educação de forma interfederativa. Portanto, esta análise histórica dá um panorama da saúde escolar no Brasil sob o prisma do PSE e provê a perspectiva de aprimoramento necessária para a continuidade sustentável e qualificada do Programa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the implementation of the School Health Program (PSE) over its 15 years in Brazil. A mixed methodological approach was used, involving a combination of document analysis and ecological study with secondary data from 2007 to 2021 recorded in the historical process of implementing the PSE in Brazil. It was observed that in these fifteen years the PSE has advanced not only significantly impacting the percentage of municipalities that joined the Program, but also in its structure and format, having the territory as the main locus of its development, and the articulation between health and education as the driving strategy of local arrangements. Furthermore, the PSE's intersectoral management model helps the articulation of health and education networks in an interfederative manner. Therefore, this historical analysis gives an overview of school health in Brazil from the perspective of the PSE and provides the perspective of improvement necessary for the sustainable and qualified continuity of the Program.

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Gestational trophoblastic disease is an abnormality of pregnancy that encompasses a group of diseases that differ from each other in their propensity for regression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. In the past, it was common for patients with molar pregnancy to present with marked symptoms: copious bleeding; theca lutein cysts; uterus larger than appropriate for gestational age; early preeclampsia; hyperemesis gravidarum; and hyperthyroidism. Currently, with early diagnosis made by ultrasound, most patients are diagnosed while the disease is still in the asymptomatic phase. In cases of progression to trophoblastic neoplasia, staging-typically with Doppler flow studies of the pelvis and chest X-ray, although occasionally with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-is critical to the choice of an appropriate antineoplastic therapy regimen. Because it is an unusual and serious disease that affects women of reproductive age, as well as because its appropriate treatment results in high cure rates, it is crucial that radiologists be familiar with gestational trophoblastic disease, in order to facilitate its early diagnosis and to ensure appropriate follow-up imaging.

Doença trofoblástica gestacional é anomalia da gravidez que engloba um grupo de doenças derivadas do trofoblasto, diferentes entre si na propensão para regressão, invasão, metástase e recidiva. No passado, era comum a paciente portadora de gravidez molar apresentar sintomas exuberantes: hemorragia copiosa, cistos tecaluteínicos, útero aumentado para a idade gestacional, pré-eclâmpsia precoce, hiperêmese e hipertireoidismo. Atualmente, com o diagnóstico precoce feito pela ultrassonografia, a maioria das pacientes é diagnosticada ainda na fase assintomática. Nos casos em que há progressão para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional, o estadiamento feito com a dopplerfluxometria pélvica e a radiografia de tórax, eventualmente com a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética, é fundamental na avaliação da escolha do tratamento antineoplásico. Por ser uma doença incomum e grave, que acomete mulheres no menacme, mas cujo tratamento adequado determina elevadas taxas de cura, é fundamental que os radiologistas estejam familiarizados com essa entidade clínica, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e promover seu correto acompanhamento imaginológico.

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Abstract Gestational trophoblastic disease is an abnormality of pregnancy that encompasses a group of diseases that differ from each other in their propensity for regression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. In the past, it was common for patients with molar pregnancy to present with marked symptoms: copious bleeding; theca lutein cysts; uterus larger than appropriate for gestational age; early preeclampsia; hyperemesis gravidarum; and hyperthyroidism. Currently, with early diagnosis made by ultrasound, most patients are diagnosed while the disease is still in the asymptomatic phase. In cases of progression to trophoblastic neoplasia, staging-typically with Doppler flow studies of the pelvis and chest X-ray, although occasionally with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-is critical to the choice of an appropriate antineoplastic therapy regimen. Because it is an unusual and serious disease that affects women of reproductive age, as well as because its appropriate treatment results in high cure rates, it is crucial that radiologists be familiar with gestational trophoblastic disease, in order to facilitate its early diagnosis and to ensure appropriate follow-up imaging.

Resumo Doença trofoblástica gestacional é anomalia da gravidez que engloba um grupo de doenças derivadas do trofoblasto, diferentes entre si na propensão para regressão, invasão, metástase e recidiva. No passado, era comum a paciente portadora de gravidez molar apresentar sintomas exuberantes: hemorragia copiosa, cistos tecaluteínicos, útero aumentado para a idade gestacional, pré-eclâmpsia precoce, hiperêmese e hipertireoidismo. Atualmente, com o diagnóstico precoce feito pela ultrassonografia, a maioria das pacientes é diagnosticada ainda na fase assintomática. Nos casos em que há progressão para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional, o estadiamento feito com a dopplerfluxometria pélvica e a radiografia de tórax, eventualmente com a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética, é fundamental na avaliação da escolha do tratamento antineoplásico. Por ser uma doença incomum e grave, que acomete mulheres no menacme, mas cujo tratamento adequado determina elevadas taxas de cura, é fundamental que os radiologistas estejam familiarizados com essa entidade clínica, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e promover seu correto acompanhamento imaginológico.

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Vaginal delivery, as known today, is a still unfinished product that originated hundreds of million years ago, much before mammals evolved on land. In this article, we will discuss the way in which our direct ancestors were born over the eons until the present day, focusing on the factors that presented substantial changes in how birth occurred, in relation to our earlier ancestors. The history begins with the first amniotes around 300 million years ago and ends with the appearance of the first Homo sapiens around 160,000 years ago.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between educational level and age at menopause, and to describe the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate this question. Educational level, which is considered one of the best socioeconomic indicators, was evaluated in this review as an exposure factor leading menopause to occur at an earlier age. The electronic search strategy was developed specifically for the different databases considered and through cross-referencing. After initially identifying 795 papers, 56 of them were selected for evaluation of the complete text. RESULTS: In the end, our systematic review included 25 papers covering 29 studies. In 75.9% of the studies evaluated in this review, there was a weak association (statistically significant in 45%) between lower educational level and earlier age of the menopause. The various methodological differences between the studies were unable to substantially influence the results. The way in which educational level was measured and the methodology for comparing strata differed greatly. The complexity of socioeconomic level mechanisms on menopause imposed limitations on the conclusions from this study. CONCLUSIONS: No unequivocal evidence for the existence of an association between educational level and age at menopause was found through this review.

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PURPOSE: to describe hysteroscopy findings in infertile patients. METHODS: this was a retrospective series of 953 patients with diagnosis of infertility evaluated by hysteroscopy. A total of 957 patients investigated for infertility were subjected to hysteroscopy, preferentially during the first phase of the menstrual cycle. When necessary, directed biopsies (under direct visualization during the exam) or guided biopsies were obtained using a Novak curette after defining the site to be biopsied during the hysteroscopic examination. Outcome frequencies were determined as percentages, and the χ2 test was used for the correlations. The statistical software EpiInfo 2000 (CDC) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: a normal uterine cavity was detected in 436 cases (45.8%). This was the most frequent diagnosis for women with primary infertility and for women with one or no abortion (p<0.05). Abnormal findings were obtained in 517 of 953 cases (54.2%), including intrauterine synechiae in 185 patients (19.4%), endometrial polyps in 115 (12.1%), endocervical polyps in 66 (6.0%), submucosal myomas in 47 (4.9%), endometrial hyperplasia in 39 (4.1%), adenomyosis in five (0.5%), endometritis (with histopathological confirmation) in four (0.4%), endometrial bone metaplasia in two (0.4%), and cancer of the endometrium in one case (0.1%). Morphological and functional changes of the uterus were detected in 5.6% of the cases, including uterine malformations in 32 (3.4%) and isthmus-cervical incompetence in 21 (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: intrauterine synechiae were the most frequent abnormal findings in patients evaluated for infertility. Patients with a history of abortion and infertility should be submitted to hysteroscopy in order to rule out intrauterine synechiae as a possible cause of infertility.

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OBJETIVO: descrever os achados da histeroscopia em pacientes com infertilidade. MÉTODOS: série retrospectiva de 953 pacientes com diagnóstico de infertilidade avaliadas por histeroscopia. As 957 pacientes em pesquisa de infertilidade foram submetidas à histeroscopia, preferencialmente na primeira fase do ciclo menstrual. Quando necessário, foram realizadas as biópsias, dirigida (sob visão direta durante o exame) ou orientada, utilizando uma cureta de Novak após definir o local a ser biopsiado durante o exame histeroscópico. Foram utilizadas porcentagens para determinação da frequência dos desfechos e teste de χ2 para correlações. O programa estatístico EpiInfo 2000 (CDC) foi utilizado para análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: cavidade uterina normal foi encontrada em 436 casos (45,8 por cento). Esse foi o diagnóstico mais frequente em mulheres com infertilidade primária e naquelas com nenhum ou um aborto (p<0,05). Achados anormais foram diagnosticados em 517 de 953 casos (54,2 por cento) e incluíram sinéquias intrauterinas em 185 pacientes (19,4 por cento), pólipo endometrial em 115 (12,1 por cento), pólipos endocervicais em 66 (6,0 por cento), miomas submucosos em 47 (4,9 por cento), hiperplasia endometrial em 39 (4,1 por cento), adenomiose em cinco (0,5 por cento), endometrite (com confirmação histopatológica) em quatro (0,4 por cento), metaplasia óssea endometrial em dois (0,4 por cento) e câncer do endométrio em um caso (0,1 por cento). Alterações morfológicas e funcionais do útero foram detectadas em 5,6 por cento dos casos, incluindo malformações uterinas em 32 (3,4 por cento) e incompetência istmo-cervical em 21 (2,2 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: sinéquias intrauterinas foram os achados anormais mais frequentes em pacientes avaliadas para infertilidade. Pacientes com histórico de aborto e infertilidade devem ser submetidas à histeroscopia para descartar sinéquias intrauterinas como uma possível causa de infertilidade.

PURPOSE: to describe hysteroscopy findings in infertile patients. METHODS: this was a retrospective series of 953 patients with diagnosis of infertility evaluated by hysteroscopy. A total of 957 patients investigated for infertility were subjected to hysteroscopy, preferentially during the first phase of the menstrual cycle. When necessary, directed biopsies (under direct visualization during the exam) or guided biopsies were obtained using a Novak curette after defining the site to be biopsied during the hysteroscopic examination. Outcome frequencies were determined as percentages, and the χ2 test was used for the correlations. The statistical software EpiInfo 2000 (CDC) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: a normal uterine cavity was detected in 436 cases (45.8 percent). This was the most frequent diagnosis for women with primary infertility and for women with one or no abortion (p<0.05). Abnormal findings were obtained in 517 of 953 cases (54.2 percent), including intrauterine synechiae in 185 patients (19.4 percent), endometrial polyps in 115 (12.1 percent), endocervical polyps in 66 (6.0 percent), submucosal myomas in 47 (4.9 percent), endometrial hyperplasia in 39 (4.1 percent), adenomyosis in five (0.5 percent), endometritis (with histopathological confirmation) in four (0.4 percent), endometrial bone metaplasia in two (0.4 percent), and cancer of the endometrium in one case (0.1 percent). Morphological and functional changes of the uterus were detected in 5.6 percent of the cases, including uterine malformations in 32 (3.4 percent) and isthmus-cervical incompetence in 21 (2.2 percent). CONCLUSIONS: intrauterine synechiae were the most frequent abnormal findings in patients evaluated for infertility. Patients with a history of abortion and infertility should be submitted to hysteroscopy in order to rule out intrauterine synechiae as a possible cause of infertility.

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PURPOSE: to describe the clinical signs and symptoms of patients with bone metaplasia and to assess the risk factors for changes in these symptoms after removal of the bone fragment. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 16 patients with a diagnosis of bone fragments in the uterine cavity during the period comprising July 2006 to January 2009. The inclusion criterion was the detection of a bone fragment removed from the uterine cavity. The presence of bone tissue in the endometrial cavity was histologically confirmed in all patients. The data of all patients were obtained before and after removal by means of a questionnaire for the evaluation of the effect of removal on the symptoms and for the search of possible factors related to the onset of the disease. RESULTS: half the patients (8/16) had hemorrhagic symptoms and one third (6/16) were infertile. Removal of the fragments was quite effective in improving the complaints, with the disappearance of symptoms in all cases of hemorrhage and of pelvic pain. CONCLUSION: removal of bone fragments can restore the fertility of selected patients whose infertility is caused by bone metaplasia and is quite effective in leading to improvement in patients with pelvic pain and menorrhage.

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OBJETIVO: apresentar o quadro clínico das pacientes com metaplasia óssea e avaliar os fatores de risco, as mudanças dos sinais e sintomas após a retirada do fragmento ósseo. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo transversal com 16 pacientes diagnosticadas com fragmentos ósseos na cavidade uterina no período de julho de 2006 a janeiro de 2009. O critério de inclusão foi o achado de fragmento ósseo retirado da cavidade uterina. Todas as pacientes tiveram confirmação histológica de presença de tecido ósseo na cavidade endometrial. Obtivemos os dados de todas as pacientes antes e depois da retirada por meio de um questionário para avaliar o efeito da retirada sobre a sintomatologia das pacientes, além da pesquisa de possíveis fatores relacionados ao aparecimento da doença. RESULTADOS: metade das pacientes (8/16) tinha sintomas hemorrágicos e um terço (6/16) apresentava infertilidade. A retirada dos fragmentos foi efetiva na melhora das queixas, havendo desaparecimento dos sintomas em todos os casos de menorragia e dor pélvica. CONCLUSÃO: A retirada do fragmento ósseo pode restaurar a fertilidade em pacientes selecionadas e que tenham como causa a metaplasia óssea, além de ser bastante efetiva em proporcionar melhora nos casos que cursam com dor pélvica e menorragia.

PURPOSE: to describe the clinical signs and symptoms of patients with bone metaplasia and to assess the risk factors for changes in these symptoms after removal of the bone fragment. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 16 patients with a diagnosis of bone fragments in the uterine cavity during the period comprising July 2006 to January 2009. The inclusion criterion was the detection of a bone fragment removed from the uterine cavity. The presence of bone tissue in the endometrial cavity was histologically confirmed in all patients. The data of all patients were obtained before and after removal by means of a questionnaire for the evaluation of the effect of removal on the symptoms and for the search of possible factors related to the onset of the disease. RESULTS: half the patients (8/16) had hemorrhagic symptoms and one third (6/16) were infertile. Removal of the fragments was quite effective in improving the complaints, with the disappearance of symptoms in all cases of hemorrhage and of pelvic pain. CONCLUSION: removal of bone fragments can restore the fertility of selected patients whose infertility is caused by bone metaplasia and is quite effective in leading to improvement in patients with pelvic pain and menorrhage.

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Considerando o grande interesse observado, os avanços nas técnicas para preservação da fertilidade feminina e levando em conta que a criopreservação de oócitos é uma atraente estratégia para preservação da fertilidade, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática para comparar a criopreservação de oócitos com outros métodos já estabelecidos para este intuito. Foram buscadas referências em dois bancos de dados (Medline e Lilacs), e identificados 869 estudos, mas nenhum deles conseguiu preencher os critérios de inclusão. Ainda há um longo caminho para este método ser incorporado à prática clínica.

Considering the great interest observed; the advancement of techniques to preserve female fertility and that oocyte cryopreservation is an attractive strategy to fertility preservation, this systematic review was conducted in order to compare the cryopreservation of oocytes with other already established methods. References were searched in two databases (Medline and Lilacs). A total of 869 studies were identified, however none of them could compare oocytes cryopreservation with other techniques to preserve female fertility. There is still a long way to go to integrate it into a routine clinical procedure.

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Considerando a importância da prevenção do câncer de ovário para a saúde pública e a falta de meios eficientes para o diagnóstico precoce dessa doença, esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto da ooforectomia profilática sobre o risco de câncer de ovário. Buscamos referências bibliográficas que apresentassem associação entre a ooforectomia bilateral profilática e o câncer de ovário em pacientes sem risco aumentado para a doença em dois bancos de dados (Medline e Lilacs). Identificamos 302 artigos, mas apenas cinco foram incluídos. Somente foi encontrado um estudo em que os casos eram pacientes com ooforectomia bilateral, e o desfecho, câncer de ovário, fato que nos impediu de concluir, com base em evidências, o real papel da ooforectomia bilateral na diminuição do câncer de ovário

Considering the importance of the ovarian cancer prevention for the public health and the absence of effective techniques for the early detection of the disease, this systematic review aims at analyzing the impact of prophylactic oophorectomy on the risk of ovarian cancer. We have searched bibliographic references that studied the association between prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy and ovarian cancer in patients with average risk for this disease in two databases (Medline and Lilacs). We identified 302 articles, but only five of them were included. We only found one study in which there were patients with bilateral oophorectomy, and the outcome was ovarian cancer, what prevented us from concluding, based on evidences, the real role of bilateral oophorectomy in the reduction of ovarian cancer

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