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PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between morphological characteristics and histologic localization of metastasis within sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) and axillary spread in women with breast cancer. METHODS: We selected 119 patients with positive SLN submitted to complete axillary lymph node dissection from July 2002 to March 2007. We retrieved the age of patients and the primary tumor size. In the primary tumor, we evaluated histologic and nuclear grade, and peritumoral vascular invasion (PVI). In SLNs we evaluated the size of metastasis, their localization in the lymph node, number of foci, number of involved lymph nodes, and extranodal extension. RESULTS: Fifty-one (42.8%) patients had confirmed additional metastasis in non-sentinel lymph nodes (NLSN). High histologic grade, PVI, intraparenchymatous metastasis, extranodal neoplastic extension and size of metastasis were associated with positive NLSN. SLN metastasis affecting the capsule were associated to low risk incidence of additional metastasis. After multivariate analysis, PVI and metastasis size in the SLN remained as the most important risk factors for additional metastasis. CONCLUSIONS:The risk of additional involvement of NSLN is higher in patients with PVI and it increases progressively according the histologic localization in the lymph node, from capsule, where the afferent lymphatic channel arrives, to the opposite side of capsule promoting the extranodal extension. Size of metastasis greater than 6.0 mm presents higher risk of additional lymph node metastasis.

OBJETIVO:Explorar a relação entre características morfológicas e localização histológica da metástase dentro dos linfonodos sentinelas (LS) e disseminação axilar em mulheres com câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 119 pacientes com LS positivo, submetidas à dissecação completa dos linfonodos axilares entre Julho de 2002 a Março de 2007. Foram recuperados a idade das pacientes e o tamanho do tumor primário. No tumor primário, avaliamos os graus histológico e nuclear e a invasão vascular peritumoral (IVP). Nos LS, avaliamos o tamanho da metástase, sua localização no linfonodo, o número de focos metastáticos, número de linfonodos envolvidos e a extensão extranodal. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um (42,8%) pacientes tiveram metástases adicionais confirmadas nos linfonodos não sentinelas (LNS). Alto grau histológico, IVP, metástase intraparenquimatosa, extensão extranodal e tamanho da metástase foram associados com LNS positivos. Metástase afetando a cápsula do LS foi associada com baixo risco de incidência de metástase adicional. Após análise multivariada, IVP e tamanho da metástase no LS foram os fatores de risco mais importantes para metástases adicionais nos LNS. CONCLUSÕES:O risco de envolvimento adicional dos LNS é maior em pacientes com IVP e tal risco aumenta progressivamente de acordo com a localização histológica da metástase no LS, que inicia na cápsula, onde aporta o linfático aferente, e termina no lado oposto, promovendo a extensão extranodal. Tamanho de metástase maior ou igual a 6,0 mm revela maior risco de metástase nos LNS.

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PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between morphological characteristics and histologic localization of metastasis within sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) and axillary spread in women with breast cancer. METHODS: We selected 119 patients with positive SLN submitted to complete axillary lymph node dissection from July 2002 to March 2007. We retrieved the age of patients and the primary tumor size. In the primary tumor, we evaluated histologic and nuclear grade, and peritumoral vascular invasion (PVI). In SLNs we evaluated the size of metastasis, their localization in the lymph node, number of foci, number of involved lymph nodes, and extranodal extension. RESULTS: Fifty-one (42.8%) patients had confirmed additional metastasis in non-sentinel lymph nodes (NLSN). High histologic grade, PVI, intraparenchymatous metastasis, extranodal neoplastic extension and size of metastasis were associated with positive NLSN. SLN metastasis affecting the capsule were associated to low risk incidence of additional metastasis. After multivariate analysis, PVI and metastasis size in the SLN remained as the most important risk factors for additional metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of additional involvement of NSLN is higher in patients with PVI and it increases progressively according the histologic localization in the lymph node, from capsule, where the afferent lymphatic channel arrives, to the opposite side of capsule promoting the extranodal extension. Size of metastasis greater than 6.0 mm presents higher risk of additional lymph node metastasis.

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Histological special types (HST) account for about 25% of breast cancers, and correspond to at least 17 pathological entities. However, their molecular characteristics remain to be determined. The purpose of the present study is to apply the recently used immunohistochemical profiling of HST breast carcinomas (BC), as a surrogate for the molecular subtyping, what could be relevant for therapeutic purposes. One hundred and twenty-one cases were included. Immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin sections, including markers for oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors, keratin 5, HER2/neu, epithelial growth factor receptor, p63 protein, P-cadherin, and Ki-67. Tubular (16 cases), mucinous (27) and papillary (9) types were all categorised as luminal-like A and B. The medullary (21) and metaplastic (10) types corresponded largely to the basal-like tumours (85.7% and 90%, respectively). Cases of the micropapillary type (8) were luminal A (3/8), luminal B (4/8) and HER2 overexpressing (1/8), whereas the apocrine carcinomas (24) presented a heterogeneous profile. The proliferation rate (Ki-67) varied among the types, being the medullary carcinoma subtype with higher proliferation. Comparing the current data with those based on molecular studies, there was good agreement in the classification of the tubular, mucinous and papillary types. Only a partial concordance was achieved for the other types, which may be due to sampling, and to the relatively low frequency of such cases. The present work supports the clinical usage of immunohistochemistry as a surrogate to molecular classification of special types of BC.

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CONTEXT: Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are rare tumors that have been reported in many locations, including the kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, prostate, spermatic cord, gallbladder, uterus and vagina. CASE REPORT: This report describes, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a primary paraganglioma of the seminal vesicle occurring in a 61-year-old male. The patient presented persistent arterial hypertension and a previous diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. It was hypothesized that the seminal vesicle tumor could be a metastasis from the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin in tumor cell nests and peripheral S100 protein expression in sustentacular cells. Succinate dehydrogenase A and B-related (SDHA and SDHB) expression was present in both tumors. CONCLUSIONS: No genetic alterations to the VHL and SDHB genes were detected in either the tumor tissue or tissues adjacent to the tumor, which led us to rule out a hereditary syndrome that could explain the association between paraganglioma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a patient with arterial hypertension.

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CONTEXT: Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are rare tumors that have been reported in many locations, including the kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, prostate, spermatic cord, gallbladder, uterus and vagina. CASE REPORT: This report describes, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a primary paraganglioma of the seminal vesicle occurring in a 61-year-old male. The patient presented persistent arterial hypertension and a previous diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. It was hypothesized that the seminal vesicle tumor could be a metastasis from the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin in tumor cell nests and peripheral S100 protein expression in sustentacular cells. Succinate dehydrogenase A and B-related (SDHA and SDHB) expression was present in both tumors. CONCLUSIONS: No genetic alterations to the VHL and SDHB genes were detected in either the tumor tissue or tissues adjacent to the tumor, which led us to rule out a hereditary syndrome that could explain the association between paraganglioma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a patient with arterial hypertension.

CONTEXTO: Paragangliomas extra-adrenais são tumores raros que têm sido relatados em muitas localizações, incluindo rim, uretra, bexiga, próstata, cordão espermático, vesícula biliar, útero e vagina. RELATO DE CASO: Este relato descreve, pela primeira vez em nosso conhecimento, um paraganglioma primário da vesícula seminal ocorrendo em um paciente do sexo masculino de 61 anos de idade. O paciente apresentou hipertensão arterial persistente e um diagnóstico prévio de carcinoma de células renais cromófobo (CCRC). Foi pensado que o tumor de vesícula seminal poderia ser uma metástase do CCRC. A caracterização imunoistoquímica revelou expressão de sinaptofisina e cromogranina nos ninhos de células tumorais e expressão de proteína S100 nas células sustentaculares. Expressão de succinato de-hidrogenase A e B relacionada (SDHA e SDHB) estiveram presentes em ambos os tumores CONCLUSÕES: Nenhuma alteração genética dos genes VHL e SDHB foi detectada nos tecidos tumorais e adjacentes ao tumor, o que nos levou a afastar uma síndrome hereditária que poderia explicar a associação entre o paraganglioma e o CCRC em um paciente com hipertensão arterial.

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