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Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a safe antimalarial drug but its overdosage or inappropriate use, such as during the pandemic, may cause adverse effects once this drug is considered a potent inhibitor of autophagy. Information about HCQ's effects on the reproductive field, including gametes and initial embryos, is limited. In this study, we evaluated the effect of HCQ (1, 6, 12, and 24 µM) on pre-implantation embryo development, autophagy, and apoptosis of bovine embryos produced in vitro. A dose-response experiment showed a reduction (p < 0.05) in cleavage only at the highest concentration. Blastocyst rate was gradually reduced (p < 0.05) with the increase of HCQ dosage starting at 6 µM, with no embryo formation occurring at 24 µM. Further analysis showed that embryos treated with 12 µM of HCQ had a higher (p < 0.05) accumulation of acidic autophagic vesicles on Days 5 and 7 of development and a higher (p < 0.01) apoptotic index on Day 7. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of HCQ on embryo pre-implantation development in mammals. The results contribute with more information related to the study of autophagy in embryology as well as add some discussion on HCQ toxicology and its effects on reproductive cells.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of filamentous fungi and yeasts on the external surface of ants at hospitals. From March 2007 to February 2008, 2,899 ants were evaluated in two public hospitals in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, in northeastern Brazil. The ants were attracted by nontoxic baits, distributed within critical and semicritical hospital areas. The fungi were identified through macro- and micromorphological analysis, biochemical profile, and growth in chromogenic medium. From this study, 5 genera and 13 species of ants were identified, from critical (8% of the collected ants) and semicritical (92%) areas, during the daytime (48%) and nighttime (52%) periods. In the mycological analysis, 75% of the ants were fungi carriers, with the species Tapinoma melanocephalum and species from the genus Pheidole having the most potential as carriers of airborne fungi (75 and 18%, respectively) and yeasts (6 and 1%, respectively). In summary, ants act as carriers of airborne fungi and yeasts, including some pathogenic species.

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The stabilization of antibody-latex complexes at high salt concentration is an event that cannot be explained by the widespread DLVO theory. Adsorption of antibodies on polystyrene latex usually leads to a loss in colloidal stability. However, after the expected particle aggregation induced by an increase in ionic strength, an 'anomalous' restabilization occurs when the electrolyte concentration increases even more. This non-DLVO behaviour can be explained taking into account the hydration forces, which become significant in hydrophilic surfaces. This restabilization has already been observed in different protein latex complexes. In the present work, a study on the stability patterns of polystyrene particles covered independently by mammalian and chicken antibodies has been performed. This study reveals that avian antibodies present a more hydrophobic surface than that of mammalian antibodies. In addition, it has been possible to obtain some information about the molecular orientation of the adsorbed antibodies from the stability experiments. This information has been corroborated by an immunoreactivity study.

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The use of egg yolk antibodies (IgY) instead of IgG from mammalian species may present several advantages in the development of routine diagnostic immunoassays. On the one hand, the animal suffering is reduced, as antibodies are obtained directly from the egg. On the other hand, the use of IgY avoids the rheumatoid factor interference. The rheumatoid factor interacts with IgG molecules in many immunoassays causing false positive results. Despite these advantages, IgY antibodies are scarcely used. As part of an aim to develop a diagnostic test based on IgY-latex agglutination, a preliminary study on some characteristics of the IgY-latex complexes is carried out. In this work, protein adsorption and desorption, isoelectric point, electrokinetic mobility, and colloidal stability are analysed. Results are compared to those obtained by IgG. Interesting differences are observed (which mainly arise from the difference in molecular structure between IgY and IgG), suggesting that IgY is a more hydrophobic molecule than IgG. In addition, colloidal dispersions of IgY-covered latex particles are more stable (at pH 8) than those sensitized by IgG.

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La L-asparaginasa es una droga utilizada para inducir remisión en la Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA). Uno de sus efectos adversos es la hiperglicemia que se describe hasta en el 10 por ciento de los pacientes, siendo más frecuente en niños mayores de 10 años, obesos y portadores de síndrome de Down. Presentamos dos pacientes con una LLA que desarrollaron hiperglicemia. El primero, un niño de 9 años portador de un síndrome de Down que después de la tercera dosis de L-asparaginasa cursó con una diabetes mellitus transitoria necesitando insulina durante 35 días. El segundo, una adolescente de 14 años que luego de la octava dosis de L-asparaginasa cursó con un pancreatitis aguda y diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente. Recomendamos que a todos los pacientes portadores de una LLA y en tratamiento con L-asparaginasa se les determine glicemia y glucosura previo a cada dosis y con mayor razón en los pacientes con factores de riesgo

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La proteína C reactiva se ha usado en múltiples enfermedades infecciosas en la orientación de la etiología viral o bacteriana; su utilidad en relación al síndrome diarreico agudo (SDA) se desconoce. Con la hipótesis que las infecciones bacterianas enteroinvasoras muestran un valor mayor de PCR que las virales, se estudiaron 47 niños con SDA. Se realizaron: PCR, 2 coprocultivos, tinción violeta bicarbonato de Hucker y aislamiento de rotavoris por inmunoelectroforesis. Se detectaron 11 casos con bacteria enteroinvasoras en deposiciones, 9 con rotavirus , 1 mixto y 26 pacientes con estudio etiológico negativo. Para las infecciones virales el promedio, mediana y rango de PCR fueron (mg/lt): 13,55; 8; (0-75) y para las bacterias invasoras fueron: 116,7; 116; (1-318) respectivamente (p<0,01). Ocho de 11 niños con infección bacteriana mostraron PCR > 30 mg/lt versus 1 de 9 con infección viral (p=0,0091); 7 de los primeros tuvieron valores > 100 mg/lt. Los resultados obtenidos confirman nuestra hipótesis

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