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Sixty-eight morphologically distinct isolates of marine actinomycetes were derived from seashore, mangrove, and saltpan ecosystems located between the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar region, Bay of Bengal, Tamilnadu. Twenty-five (36.8%) isolates exhibited anti-mycotic activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in preliminary screening, and 4 isolates with prominent activity were identified and designated at the genus level as Streptomyces sp. VPTS3-I, Streptomyces sp. VPTS3-2, Streptomyces sp. VPTSA1-4 and Streptomyces sp. VPTSA1-8. All the potential antagonistic isolates were further characterized with phenotypic and genotypic properties including 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identified species level as Streptomyces afghaniensis VPTS3-1, S. matensis VPTS3-2, S. tuirus VPTSA1-4 and S. griseus VPTSA1-8. In addition, the active fractions from the potential antagonistic streptomycetes were extracted with organic solvents by shake flask culture method and the anti-mycotic efficacies were evaluated. The optimization parameters for the production of the anti-mycotic compound were found to be pH between 7 and 8, the temperature at 30ᵒC, the salinity of 2%, incubation of 9 days, and starch and KNO3 as the suitable carbon and nitrogen sources respectively in starch casein medium.

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Mushrooms have an important role in sustainability since they have long been used as valuable food source and traditional medicine around the world. Regrettably, they are among the most rigorously affected populations, along with several plants and animals, due to the destructive activities of mankind. Thus the authentication and conservation of mushroom species are constantly needed to exploit the remarkable potential in them. In this perspective, an attempt has been made to identify and assess the biological attributes of psychedelic mushrooms collected from Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. The macromorphological features of the psychedelic mushroom DPT1 helped its presumptive identification and the molecular characters depicted by DNA marker revealed its close relationship with the genus Psilocybe. Accordingly, the psychedelic mushroom was identified as Psilocybe cubensis DPT1 and its crude ethyl acetate extract on analysis revealed the occurrence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates. Moreover, it exhibited 80% larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito at 800 ppm concentration and an array of antibacterial effects with utmost susceptibility of Proteus vulgaris, and the identification of bioactive compounds by different analytical techniques substantiate that the bioactivities might be due to the presence of phytochemicals. The results of the study indicated that the extract of P. cubensis DPT1 having notable antibacterial and mosquito larvicidal efficacies which could be probed further for the isolation of medicinally important as well as bio-control compounds.

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Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of five Indian medicinal plants such as Acalypha indica L. (A. indica), Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (A. lanata), Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. and Solanum surattense Burm. f. against opportunistic bacterial pathogens isolated from HIV infected patients for the potential phytoconstituents in plant extracts. Methods: The opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens from Gram-negative group and Staphylococcus aureus from Gram-positive group were isolated from HIV infected patients. The antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants was carried out by disc diffusion method. The potential phytoconstituents of medicinal plant extracts were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: Among the five medicinal plants tested, A. indica and A. lanata showed the significant antibacterial activity. A. indica showed potential activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. A. lanata significantly exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 19 phytoconstituents were identified in the ethanolic extract of A. indica and A. lanata by GC-MS analysis respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present investigation revealed that A. indica and A. lanata, possessed significant antibacterial activity when compared with the other plant extracts tested. The presence of 3-O-methyl- d-glucose by GC-MS analysis in both A. indica and A. lanata extracts has not been reported elsewhere in the literature and the findings in this study could be the first one to report.

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AIM: The intent of this study is to decontaminate Bacillus endospores and to determine the D-values using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Streptomyces sp. cell filtrate. MATERIALS & METHODS: AgNPs synthesis was performed extracellularly followed by characterization using spectrophotometer, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope and x-ray diffraction pattern analysis. Subsequently, the optimized conditions for the decontamination and D-value estimation of Bacillus endospores were determined using the response surface methodology. The environmental spore decontamination study was performed in mice model. RESULTS: AgNPs were visibly and spectroscopically identified which were spherical with the size range of less than 20 nm. The synthesized AgNPs destroyed 1log10 CFU Bacillus endospores at around 20 min. The adherence of AgNPs to the surface of spore coat, pit formation and its complete structural loss was detected under field emission scanning electron microscopy. All the mice exposed to AgNP-treated spores showed no sign of pathological lesions. CONCLUSION: The results of our study strongly suggest that the application of AgNPs as a sporicidal agent could be a new approach in consistently eliminating the hazardous Bacillus spores.

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The incidence of fungal disease has increased dramatically over the past decades, mainly due to the emergence and transmission of antifungal resistance within the fungal pathogens. The present study investigates the use of novel antifungal compound 4-Phenyl-1-Napthyl Phenyl Acetamide (4P1NPA), isolated from marine Streptomyces sp. DPTB16 as a potent antifungal drug. The preclinical studies and molecular docking for 4P1NPA against Cytochrome P450 51 (CYP 51) were performed using in silico pharmacology and docking tools. The finding reveals the drug likeliness of 4P1NPA and satisfactory interaction of 4P1NPA with CYP 51. These results collectively evidence the use of 4P1NPA as a drug to treat fungal infections. On the whole, we highlight the findings of this research will be helpful to design 4P1NPA as novel antifungal drug to defend the emerging antifungal resistance.

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About 64 total actinomycetes were isolated from various coastal soils. Sixteen actinomycete isolates were screened for herbicidal principles. Out of these, five potent isolates were selected for characterisation and identification. Based on their morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, the actinomycete isolates were identified as Glyomyces, Saccharomonospra and Streptomyces sp. The Streptomycetes isolates were tested for herbicidal principles by germination inhibition assay. About 10 crop seeds were tested for herbicidal activity with Streptomycetes isolates. The crop seeds did not show growth inhibition. Four weed seeds were tested for herbicidal activity with Streptomyces isolates. Streptomyces inhibits the growth of Echinochilora crusgalli, but it could not inhibit the growth of Echinochilora colonum, Parthenium sp., or Ageratum conizoites. The present study concludes that Streptomyces isolates will be a bioherbicide against E. crusgalli. Further study is required to confirm the activity of Streptomyces isolates against E. crusgalli under field conditions.

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