RESUMEN
Climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations, profoundly impacts pest populations. This study focuses on the tomato, a crucial commercial crop in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India. The study examined the impact of varying thermal regimes on tomato fruit borers. Field experiments were conducted at three locations, with altitudes ranging from < 500 to > 1500 m. At lower altitudes, fruit borer incidence commenced earlier (5th - 18th March) and peaked higher (1.47 ± 0.34 to 1.73 ± 0.37 larvae/plant), causing more damage (26-29%) as compared to the highest location (~ 9%). The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis indicated that maximum temperature had significant positive impacts on the H. armigera incidence and fruit damage. Climatic datasets indicate an increase in the temperature of the region during the tomato growing season, thereby increasing the risk of fruit borer impact. As an adaptation option, we evaluated eight different tomato varieties/genotypes and studied biochemical parameters to understand their tolerance. Results showed a strong positive association of fruit borer incidence with total soluble solids whereas negative association with acidity. Cherry tomato (7.62%) and MT-2 (10.04%) had relatively lower fruit damage; MT-3 (50.92 t/ha) and MT-2 (50.57 t/ha) consistently yielded the highest across all locations. Hence, the selection of appropriate genotypes and the development of varieties with suitable characteristics hold the key to fruit borer management. This insight is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices in the region.
RESUMEN
Functional dyspepsia (FD) refers to upper abdominal symptoms like upper abdominal or retrosternal pain or discomfort; heart burn; nausea; etc. The symptoms are common; but often poorly understood and mistaken for conditions like chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Worldwide; the prevalence of dyspepsia is about 20-30 [1]. In the department of internal medicine at the Ruhengeri hospital; there have been 16.4 outpatient cases and 16.1 cases of admissions (Jan-June-2014). A high number of cases would be in other hospitals as well. The causes postulated are the increased production of acid; visceral hypersensitivity; H. pylori infection; emotional stress; reduced immunity; etc. The diagnosis is based on exclusion of organic causes for similar symptoms. The treatment is mainly with lifestyle modifications; and the pharmacological therapy consists of antacids; antiflatulents; prokinetic drugs; cytoprotective drugs; and proton pump inhibitors. It can be recommended that greater awareness needs to be generated among physicians regarding FD. They in turn can counsel patients and lay stress on lifestyle and preventive factors to improve this described condition