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OBJECTIVES: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) may provide beneficial effects on outcomes of COVID-19. We aimed to examine the impact of LMWH treatment on clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization, admission to intensive care unit, the requirement for mechanical ventilation, and death) of COVID-19 patients with normal D-dimer levels at admission. BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) predisposes patients to arterial and venous thrombosis. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicentre and observational study we analysed the data of 308 confirmed COVID-19 patients with normal D-dimer levels at initial admission. After propensity score matching (PSM) patients were grouped; Group 1; patients who received LMWH with D-dimer ≤0.5 mg/L, Group 2; patients who received LMWH after D-dimer levels exceeded 0.5 mg/L, and Group 3; patients who did not receive LMWH. RESULTS: After PSM, each group comprised 40 patients. The patients in Group1 had the best clinical outcomes compared to the other groups. Group 3 had the worst clinical outcomes (p<0.005). The benefit of LMWH increased with early prophylactic therapy especially when started while the D-dimer levels were ≤0.5 mg/L. CONCLUSION: Our results strongly suggest that proactive LMWH therapy improves clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients even with normal D-dimer levels (≤ 0.5 mg/L) (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 34).

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AIM: Monocytes contribute to both myocardial damage and repair by virtue of subset heterogeneity. The dynamics and functional characteristics of the three human monocyte subsets, including the unique CD14++CD16+ subset, and their contributions to monocyte platelet aggregates (MPAs) following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are unknown. We aimed to examine dynamic changes and relation to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the three human monocyte subsets and their aggregates with platelets following STEMI. METHODS: Three monocyte subsets, CD14++CD16-CCR2+ ('classical', Mon1), CD14++CD16+CCR2+ ('intermediate', Mon2) and CD14+CD16++CCR2- ('non-classical', Mon3), and their contribution to MPAs were analyzed by flow cytometry in 50 patients with STEMI, 40 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and 40 healthy volunteers. Study parameters were measured within 24 h of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (day1) and on days 3, 7 and 30. Monocyte activation was assessed by measuring the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway. LVEF was assessed 6 weeks after STEMI. Correlations between monocyte subsets/MPAs and plasma cytokines and troponin were assessed. RESULTS: We observed marked differences in subset dynamics, with a prominent increase in Mon2 (P < 0.0001) but no changes in Mon3. Significant increases in Mon2 CD14 (P = 0.002) and CCR2 (P < 0.0001) expression, and reduction in CD16 expression (P = 0.001) were seen. NFκB pathway activity increased most prominently in Mon2 (P = 0.007). Mon2 count correlated with peak troponin (r = 0.31, P = 0.04) and plasma interleukin (IL)-6 (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001) and IL-10 (r = 0.34, P = 0.017). Mon1 correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001). Reduced Mon2 expression of CD16 on day 1 was independently predictive of higher LVEF (ß = -0.37, P = 0.013). The increase in MPA count following STEMI persisted at 1 month. CONCLUSION: The Mon2 'intermediate' subset has unique dynamic and functional characteristics following STEMI and significant correlations with troponin, plasma cytokines and convalescent left ventricular function. The persistent increase in MPA count 30 days after STEMI may affect monocyte subset functional activity.

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BACKGROUND: Functional and morphological changes of endothelium were risk factors for mortality attributed to atherosclerosis. Studies investigating early atherosclerotic alterations and the effect of the treatment of acromegaly on these alterations gave conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: Surrogate markers of early atherosclerotic changes, i.e. brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid artery intima-media-thickness (IMT) in active and inactive acromegalic patients were compared with control subjects matched to patients for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors to find out the direct effects of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 excess. METHODS: In 14 active acromegalics and their 14 matched controls, 14 inactive acromegalics and their 14 matched controls, carotid artery IMT and FMD of brachial artery were measured. Inactive acromegalics were in remission for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Active acromegalics had higher IMT than matched controls and inactive acromegalics (0.85 +/- 0.20 mm, 0.64 +/- 1.77 mm, 0.66 +/- 0.20 mm respectively; p < 0.005, p < 0.05) and IMT of inactive acromegalics was not different from their matched controls (0.61 +/- 0.12 mm). FMD was significantly lower in active acromegalics than in matched controls and inactive acromegalics (2.910 +/- 2.00 mm, 6.5 +/- 2.81 mm, 5.68 +/- 2.9 mm respectively; p < 0.005, p < 0.05). FMD of inactive acromegalics was not significantly different from their matched controls (7.96 +/- 3.12 mm). A significant inverse relationship was found between GH and FMD in active acromegalics (r = -0.659, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: In active acromegalics, early atherosclerotic changes are not only attributed to the high prevalence of risk factors, but also to the abnormal GH secretion itself.

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BACKGROUND: P-wave duration is defined as the time measured from the onset to the offset of the P-wave in surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Prolonged P wave duration and increased P wave dispersion (PWD) have been reported to carry an increased risk for atrial fibrillation. AIM: Our aim was to evaluate the role of hyperthyroidism on P wave duration and dispersion, to investigate the effect of anti-thyroid therapy on P wave duration and dispersion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 44 consecutive subjects (22 patients with newly diagnosed overt hyperthyroidism and 22 randomly selected euthyroid healthy subjects) were enrolled in the study. Transthoracic echocardiography, 12 lead surface ECG and thyroid hormone levels were studied at the time of enrollment, in the first and third months of the 6-8 mg/kg/day propylthiouracil therapy. Patients were followed-up for 3 months. RESULTS: Patient and control groups were consisted of age and sex matched subjects. Baseline left atrial diameter was similar between the patient and control groups (3.4+/-0.3 cm and 3.4+/-0.3 cm respectively, p=0.813). The maximum P-wave duration (P maximum) was 113.1+/-6.6 and 105.7+/-4.1 ms in patient and control groups (p=0.001). PWD was 31.5+/-9.5 and 25.2+/-5.9 ms in patient and control groups respectively (p=0.015). At the third month of propylthiouracil treatment P maximum and PWD were decreased in the patient group at statistically significant level and returned back in normal limits (p<0.001 and p=0.001). CONCLUSION: P wave duration and PWD are found prolonged in hyperthyroid patients and propylthiouracil treatment decreased them effectively. This mechanism may establish how the anti-thyroid treatment may prevent the development of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroid patients.

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Brachial artery endothelial dysfunction was shown previously in a small group of Behçet's disease (BD) patients. This study aimed to compare the endothelial function in BD patients with and without vascular involvement. The study group consisted of 25 BD patients with vascular involvement, 25 BD patients without any vascular disease and 46 healthy controls. Brachial artery flow-mediated (endothelium-dependent) dilation (FMD), nitroglycerine-induced dilation and carotid artery intima-media thickness were measured. FMD was impaired in patients with BD (10.41 +/- 3.85%) compared to healthy controls (14.41 +/- 3.39%, p < 0.001). FMD was significantly lower in BD patients with vascular involvement (8.80 +/- 3.63%) than those without any vascular disease (12.02 +/- 3.43%, p = 0.003). This study reveals that endothelial dysfunction documented by brachial artery FMD is a feature of BD, and it is more prominent in patients with vascular involvement.

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An adolescent female who presented amelogenesis imperfecta with severe anterior open bite, long face, facial asymmetry, high angle, and Class III skeletal pattern was treated with an interdisciplinary (orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and prosthodontics) treatment approach. Presurgical orthodontic treatment was followed by surgical maxillary posterior impaction with anterior advancement and mandibular setback operation with vertical chin reduction and genioplasty. After the surgery, anterior ceramic laminate veneers and posterior full ceramic onlay-crowns were performed. The results showed that function and esthetics were achieved successfully with interdisciplinary collaboration.

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