RESUMEN
Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus. The disease affects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infectious material, usually saliva, via bites or scratches. Rabies is present on all continents with the exception of Antarctica, but more than 95% of human deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Once the symptoms of the disease have developed, rabies is nearly always fatal. People are usually infected following deep bite or scratch by an infected animal. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies. They are the source of infection in all of the estimated 55 000 human rabies deaths annually in Asia and Africa. Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in the Americas. Bat rabies has also recently emerged as a public health threat in Australia and Western Europe. Human deaths following exposure to foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses and other wild carnivore host species are very rare. In the Zagreb Anti Rabies Clinic, from 1995 to 2014, there were 18,094 patients bitten by various animals, but only 2 cases were caused by jackals. One was imported (from France), and the other was from Croatia. The incidence of jackal injuries during the observed period was extremely low, accounting for 0.011% of all animals. When the imported case is excluded, the incidence was 0.0055%. Accordingly, it is concluded that jackal bites and injuries are exceptionally low and that they pose no risk for patients who present routinely to the Zagreb Anti Rabies Clinic. Therefore, it is justified that jackal as an animal species be classified in the group of 'other animals', when officially reported.
Asunto(s)
Mordeduras y Picaduras/epidemiología , Chacales/virología , Rabia/epidemiología , Animales , Croacia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Profilaxis Posexposición , Prevalencia , Rabia/prevención & control , Vacunas Antirrábicas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To study the impact of age, gender, tooth colour and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient's satisfaction with their dental appearance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 259 Caucasian subjects participated in the study (119 men, mean age 56 years; 140 women, mean age 61 years) divided into three age groups (young <35 age; middle aged 35-54 age; old ≥55 age). Their maxillary anterior teeth status was classified into three groups: (1) natural teeth (NTG) group; (2) composite filling group (CFG) and (3) porcelain-fused-to-metal fixed prosthodontic restoration group (FPDG). The participants judged appearance and tooth colour using a scale with three categories: completely dissatisfied, moderately dissatisfied and completely satisfied. RESULTS: Almost half of the participants were completely satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. Half of the 'young' and 'middle-aged' participants with natural maxillary anterior teeth were completely satisfied and half of the 'old' participants were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. The majority of participants with composite restorations (45-51%) were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance, one-third of 'young' and 'middle-aged' participants were moderately satisfied or dissatisfied with their tooth colour and more than 70% of older participants were dissatisfied with their tooth colour (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with the appearance of the maxillary anterior teeth differed both between individuals of different age and different dental status.
Asunto(s)
Diente Canino/anatomía & histología , Restauración Dental Permanente/clasificación , Estética Dental , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Maxilar , Satisfacción del Paciente , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Color , Resinas Compuestas/química , Coronas/psicología , Materiales Dentales/química , Restauración Dental Permanente/psicología , Dentadura Parcial Fija/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Aleaciones de Cerámica y Metal/química , Persona de Mediana Edad , Coloración de Prótesis , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
It is well known that age-related macular degeneration (AMD), besides glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, represents a major cause of low vision and blindness throughout the world. In this study, specific causal factors of AMD are analyzed, emphasizing the causal role and effects of sunlight, no matter which part of its spectrum, in a longer exposition through life. The accent is also put on the influence of lifestyle as well as vitamin and antioxidants supplementation in development or prevention of AMD.