RESUMEN
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A is an autosomal recessive disorder generated by inactivating mutations in the gene coding for the muscle specific protease calpain-3. It is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle as a monomeric multidomain protein characterized by three unique insertion sequences (NS, IS1, IS2). It is unstable, and undergoes very rapid autolysis in solution, therefore, its heterologous expression and purification have been difficult. So far, calpain-3 substrates have been only identified in vitro and with indirect approaches. We have therefore decided to perform a comprehensive study of the substrates of the protease by comparing the 2D electrophoretic profile of myotubes from obtained from calpain-3 knockout and wild type mice. Digestion of differentially expressed spots was followed by mass spectrometry analysis. We could identify 16 proteins which differed in knockout and wild type mice. Among them: desmin, nestin, spectrin and PDLIM1 were of particular interest. In vitro experiments have then revealed that only PDLIM1 is cleaved directly by the protease, and that a fragment of about 8 kDa is released from the C-terminal portion of the protein.
Asunto(s)
Calpaína/química , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/química , Proteínas Musculares/química , Animales , Calpaína/antagonistas & inhibidores , Calpaína/genética , Células Cultivadas , Desmina/química , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Proteínas de Filamentos Intermediarios/química , Proteínas con Dominio LIM , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , Proteínas Musculares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Distrofia Muscular de Cinturas/fisiopatología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/química , Nestina , Espectrina/química , Factores de Transcripción/química , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Xylose fermentation in yeast has been a target of research for years, yet not all the factors that may affect xylose fermentation performance of yeast strains are known. In this study, the mutant S. cerevisiae strain TMB 3400, which has good xylose fermentation properties, was compared with its parental strain to examine the factors behind the improved xylose utilization at protein level. The proteome of the parental and the mutant strains were characterized by difference in gel electrophoresis (DiGE) to quantitatively identify proteins that are expressed at altered levels in the mutant. The most significant changes detected by proteome analysis were the 6-10-fold increased levels of xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase and transketolase (Tkl1) in the mutant, which is in accordance with previous knowledge about xylose metabolism in yeast. The level of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Ald6) was also significantly increased. In addition, several proteins homologous to proteins from yeast species other than S. cerevisiae were identified in both strains, demonstrating the genetic heterogeneity of industrial yeast strains. The results were also compared with a previously reported transcription analysis performed with identical experimental set-up; however, very little correlation between the two datasets was observed. The results of the proteome analysis were in good agreement with a parallel study in which rationally designed overexpression of XR, XDH and the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway resulted in similar improvement in xylose utilization, which demonstrates the usefulness of proteome analysis for the identification of target genes for further metabolic engineering strategies in industrial yeast strains.