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Scant information about the early toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of mature B-cell malignancies (B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma) in developing countries is available, so we performed a retrospective evaluation of children with B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster-based protocols in Argentina (1993 to 2007). In the second protocol, induction chemotherapy was modified introducing high-dose cytarabine and etoposide (block CC) instead of high-dose methotrexate (block AA). Forty-one patients with stage III and elevated lactate dehydrogenase or stage IV or B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia were included. Five patients (12.1%) had an early death at a median of 23 days after treatment initiation, caused by sepsis in 4 and by a Stevens Johnson syndrome in 1. Children that had an early death were significantly more likely to present with renal failure (P=0.04) and have significantly higher levels of phosphate and creatinine on admission (P=0.02 and 0.008). Eighty percent of children dying early had prior extensive abdominal surgery and positive blood cultures after the first cycle. Induction with AA block was associated with a higher frequency of severe orointestinal toxicity (P=0.04). We conclude that renal failure was associated to increased risk of mortality leading to a higher risk of sepsis, especially in patients that underwent abdominal surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-(CA-MRSA) strains have emerged in Argentina. We investigated the clinical and molecular evolution of community-onset MRSA infections (CO-MRSA) in children of Córdoba, Argentina, 2005-2008. Additionally, data from 2007 were compared with the epidemiology of these infections in other regions of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two datasets were used: i) lab-based prospective surveillance of CA-MRSA isolates from 3 Córdoba pediatric hospitals-(CBAH1-H3) in 2007-2008 (compared to previously published data of 2005) and ii) a sampling of CO-MRSA from a study involving both, healthcare-associated community-onset-(HACO) infections in children with risk-factors for healthcare-associated infections-(HRFs), and CA-MRSA infections in patients without HRFs detected in multiple centers of Argentina in 2007. Molecular typing was performed on the CA-MRSA-(n: 99) isolates from the CBAH1-H3-dataset and on the HACO-MRSA-(n: 51) and CA-MRSA-(n: 213) isolates from other regions. Between 2005-2008, the annual proportion of CA-MRSA/CA-S. aureus in Córdoba hospitals increased from 25% to 49%, P<0.01. Total CA-MRSA infections increased 3.6 fold-(5.1 to 18.6 cases/100,000 annual-visits, P<0.0001), associated with an important increase of invasive CA-MRSA infections-(8.5 fold). In all regions analyzed, a single genotype prevailed in both CA-MRSA (82%) and HACO-MRSA(57%), which showed pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis-(PFGE)-type-"I", sequence-type-5-(ST5), SCCmec-type-IVa, spa-t311, and was positive for PVL. The second clone, pulsotype-N/ST30/CC30/SCCmecIVc/t019/PVL(+), accounted for 11.5% of total CA-MRSA infections. Importantly, the first 4 isolates of Argentina belonging to South American-USA300 clone-(USA300/ST8/CC8/SCCmecIVc/t008/PVL(+)/ACME(-)) were detected. We also demonstrated that a HA-MRSA clone-(pulsotype-C/ST100/CC5) caused 2% and 10% of CA-MRSA and HACO-MRSA infections respectively and was associated with a SCCmec type closely related to SCCmecIV(2B&5). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The dissemination of epidemic MRSA clone, ST5-IV-PVL(+) was the main cause of increasing staphylococcal community-onset infections in Argentinean children (2003-2008), conversely to other countries. The predominance of this clone, which has capacity to express the h-VISA phenotype, in healthcare-associated community-onset cases suggests that it has infiltrated into hospital-settings.

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La Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, a través de su Comité de Infecciones en Niños Inmunocomprometidos, propone un documento de consenso sobre "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neutropenia febril en niños con cáncer". Este documento-guía aborda el manejo de la neutrope-nia febril orientado a la atención de niños con cáncer en América Latina. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura, y se consideró particularmente la experiencia publicada proveniente de centros de nuestro continente, que aporta una mirada regional y adecuada a la realidad de nuestros países. El manuscrito contiene un panorama epidemiológico de la Región y recomendaciones para la evaluación clínica y de laboratorio necesarios para el manejo de estos pacientes, establece criterios de categorización de riesgo de infecciones bacterianas invasoras, analiza las medidas de cuidado general de los pacientes en el ambiente hospitalario y extra-hospitalario, propone diferentes enfoques terapéuticos de acuerdo a las realidades epidemiológicas institucionales, parámetros clínicos y de categorización de riesgo, establece diferentes algoritmos de seguimiento según la evolución de cada paciente, especifica las situaciones en que está indicada algún tipo de profilaxis y da los lineamientos generales sobre el tipo y oportunidad de terapia antifúngica a utilizar en ellos. Se ha puesto especial énfasis en entregar, de forma práctica, y con la mayor evidencia posible, las recomendaciones para el mejor manejo de los niños con cáncer, fiebre y neutropenia, buscando la equidad y la excelencia en todos los centros oncológicos latinoamericanos.

This document is a consensus guideline on the "Diagnosis and treatment of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer" developed by the Committee for Infectious Diseases in Immunocompromised Children of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica. This guideline discusses the management of febrile neutropenia focused on Latin American children with cancer. It is based on a thorough review of the literature, with particular attention to experiences reported by centers within the continent in order to provide recommendations applicable to the region. The manuscript includes a description of the regional epidemiology of cancer and infections in children, recommendations for clinical and laboratory studies required for patient management, description of a classification method to identify patients at different risk for invasive bacterial infections, outpatient and inpatient general care strategies and differential treatment strategies adjusted to local epidemiological realities, different algorithms for patient follow-up according to clinical course, a discussion of the rationale for prophylaxis strategies in specific situations including general guidelines for antifungal treatment. The Guidelines intend to provide practical, evidence-based recommendations in order to promote the best possible management for children with cancer, fever and neutropenia, throughout oncology centers of Latin America.

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Background. No scoring system has been published to date to assess the risk of superinfections (SI) for high-risk children with febrile neutropenia (HRFN). Methods. SI diagnoses during or 1 week after initiating antibiotic therapy in HRFN children were evaluated. Eight hundred and forty-nine episodes of febrile neutropenia (FN) were included in a prospective study to evaluate a scoring system designed to identify SI. Results. In the derivation set (566 episodes), 17% had SI. A multivariate analysis identified the following significant SI-related risk factors: acute lymphoblastic leukemia-acute myeloid leukemia (ALL-AML, OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13-3.10), central venous catheter (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.23-3.62), and febrile episode occurring within 10 days after chemotherapy (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.09-3.15). A SI scoring system could be built: 1 point for ALL-AML, 1 point for the presence of a central venous catheter, and 1 point for the febrile episode occurring within 10 days after chemotherapy. If patients collected 3 points, then their risk of SI was 25.8%. With 2 points the risk was 16.7%, and with one minimum score of 1 point, their risk was 10.9%. The sensitivity to predict SS was 100% and its negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. In the validation set (283 episodes), 49 (17%) children had SI. For children with scores > 0, the scoring system yielded a sensitivity of 100%, and a NPV of 100% for predicting SI. Conclusions. The use of a SI score for HRFN patients was statistically validated by these results. A better initial predictive approach may allow improved therapeutic decisions for these children.

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BACKGROUND: The impact of the novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) (2009 H1N1) virus in children with malignant diseases under therapy is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features and outcome in children with anticancer therapy infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Descriptive, case-control study. Between May and July 2009, 24 cases of 2009 (H1N1) virus infections in children with malignant diseases were registered and 48 control cases of similar patients infected with common influenza A virus (IA) diagnosed between 2006 and 2008 were selected. RESULTS: Median age for cases was 72 months and for controls was 83 months (P ≥ 0.05). Children with IA showed neutropenia more frequently (52% vs. 17%), longer period of time with illness before diagnosis (3 d vs. 1.7 d), higher rate of earlier medical consultation (69% vs. 25%), and more antibiotic therapy courses (54% vs. 4%; P ≤ 0.05) than patients with 2009 H1N1 virus. Children infected with this virus presented hypoxemia more frequently (42% vs. 8%) and higher rates of intensive care unit hospitalizations (29% vs. 2%; P ≤ 0.05). Three children with 2009 H1N1 virus and 1 in the control group died. CONCLUSIONS: Children infected with 2009 H1N1 virus presented more morbidity and mortality than patients infected with seasonal IA virus.

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Introducción. Escasos estudios han evaluado el impacto de S. aureus meticilino-resistente proveniente de la comunidad en bacteriemias. Objetivos. Analizar las características epidemiológicas, microbiológicas, clínicas y de evolución de los niños con bacteriemias por S. aureus (SA) provenientes de la comunidad. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo (Período I: 1993-2004 y Período II: 2004-2007). Se incluyeron niños mayores de 1 mes con bacteriemias por S. aureus provenientes de la comunidad. Resultados. Se registraron 647 bacteriemias por SA (Período I: 499 y Período II: 148), 140 (28%) y 49 (33%) fueron de la comunidad en cada período. La edad (media) fue 5,9 y 4,8 años, respectivamente (p= NS). La presencia de foco clínico de infección y shock séptico fue semejante en ambos períodos (78 contra 67%; p= NS). La celulitis prevaleció durante el segundo período (56 contra 40%) (p= NS). En el primer período se detectaron 4 niños con bacteriemias por SA de la comunidad resistentes a meticilina (3%) mientras que en el segundo período ocurrieron 23 casos (47%) (p <0,05). La resistencia a clindamicina y gentamicina fue mayor en el segundo período (10% contra 2% y 20% contra 3%, respectivamente) (p <0,05). En el período II hubo mayor duración del tratamiento antibiótico (media: 16,6 contra 10,1; p < 0,05) y mayor porcentual de tratamiento discordante (53 por ciento contra por ciento)(p <0,05). Durante el primer período fue mayor el tiempo de internación (19,2 contra 12,2 días) (p <0,05). La mortalidad fue más alta durante el primer período (14% contra 5%) (p= NS). Conclusión. Se registró un aumento significativo de niños con bacteriemias por SA de la comunidad resistentes a meticilina a partir de 2004. Estomotivó la revaloración del tratamiento empírico de estos niños con infección grave.(AU)

Background. Community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSa) emerged in recent years. Few studies analyzed the impact of these infections in bacteremias (B). Objectives. To analyze clinical, epidemiological, microbiological and outcome of CASa B between two periods (Period I: 1993-2004, and Period II: 2004-2007).Material and methods. Retrospective, observational and comparative study. All children older than 1 month of age and CASa B were included. Results. During the study period 647 SaB werediagnosed (Period I: 499 and Period II: 148). Of them, 140 (28%) and 49 (33%) were CSa B, respectively. The median age of patients was 5.9 and4.8 years, respectively (p= NS). Clinical foci of infection and septic shock were more frequent in the period I (78% vs. 47%) and (5% vs. 16%) (p <0.05), respectively. Skin infection and septicshock were similar in both periods (78% vs. 67% and 5% vs. 8%; p=NS). Four CAMRSa B (3%) were diagnosed during the first period. One predisposing factor was identified in all cases. Inversely, 23 cases (47%) were diagnosed during the Period II (p<0.05). Resistance rates to clindamycin and gentamicin were more highduring the second period (10% vs. 2% and 20% vs. 3%, respectively) (p <0.05). Patients in the second period had longer antibiotic treatment (X16.6 vs. 10.1 days) and more frequent inappropriate treatment at admission (53% vs. 5%) (p <0.05). Hospital stay time was longer during de first period (19.2 vs. 12.2 days) (p <0.05). Themortality rate was higher in the first period (13% vs. 4%) (p=NS). Conclusion. A significant increase of CAMRSa B were detected in recent years. It is necessary to evaluate the empirical treatment of severe community infections in children in our country.(AU)

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Introducción. Escasos estudios han evaluado el impacto de S. aureus meticilino-resistente proveniente de la comunidad en bacteriemias. Objetivos. Analizar las características epidemiológicas, microbiológicas, clínicas y de evolución de los niños con bacteriemias por S. aureus (SA) provenientes de la comunidad. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo (Período I: 1993-2004 y Período II: 2004-2007). Se incluyeron niños mayores de 1 mes con bacteriemias por S. aureus provenientes de la comunidad. Resultados. Se registraron 647 bacteriemias por SA (Período I: 499 y Período II: 148), 140 (28%) y 49 (33%) fueron de la comunidad en cada período. La edad (media) fue 5,9 y 4,8 años, respectivamente (p= NS). La presencia de foco clínico de infección y shock séptico fue semejante en ambos períodos (78 contra 67%; p= NS). La celulitis prevaleció durante el segundo período (56 contra 40%) (p= NS). En el primer período se detectaron 4 niños con bacteriemias por SA de la comunidad resistentes a meticilina (3%) mientras que en el segundo período ocurrieron 23 casos (47%) (p <0,05). La resistencia a clindamicina y gentamicina fue mayor en el segundo período (10% contra 2% y 20% contra 3%, respectivamente) (p <0,05). En el período II hubo mayor duración del tratamiento antibiótico (media: 16,6 contra 10,1; p < 0,05) y mayor porcentual de tratamiento discordante (53 por ciento contra por ciento)(p <0,05). Durante el primer período fue mayor el tiempo de internación (19,2 contra 12,2 días) (p <0,05). La mortalidad fue más alta durante el primer período (14% contra 5%) (p= NS). Conclusión. Se registró un aumento significativo de niños con bacteriemias por SA de la comunidad resistentes a meticilina a partir de 2004. Estomotivó la revaloración del tratamiento empírico de estos niños con infección grave.

Background. Community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSa) emerged in recent years. Few studies analyzed the impact of these infections in bacteremias (B). Objectives. To analyze clinical, epidemiological, microbiological and outcome of CASa B between two periods (Period I: 1993-2004, and Period II: 2004-2007).Material and methods. Retrospective, observational and comparative study. All children older than 1 month of age and CASa B were included. Results. During the study period 647 SaB werediagnosed (Period I: 499 and Period II: 148). Of them, 140 (28%) and 49 (33%) were CSa B, respectively. The median age of patients was 5.9 and4.8 years, respectively (p= NS). Clinical foci of infection and septic shock were more frequent in the period I (78% vs. 47%) and (5% vs. 16%) (p <0.05), respectively. Skin infection and septicshock were similar in both periods (78% vs. 67% and 5% vs. 8%; p=NS). Four CAMRSa B (3%) were diagnosed during the first period. One predisposing factor was identified in all cases. Inversely, 23 cases (47%) were diagnosed during the Period II (p<0.05). Resistance rates to clindamycin and gentamicin were more highduring the second period (10% vs. 2% and 20% vs. 3%, respectively) (p <0.05). Patients in the second period had longer antibiotic treatment (X16.6 vs. 10.1 days) and more frequent inappropriate treatment at admission (53% vs. 5%) (p <0.05). Hospital stay time was longer during de first period (19.2 vs. 12.2 days) (p <0.05). Themortality rate was higher in the first period (13% vs. 4%) (p=NS). Conclusion. A significant increase of CAMRSa B were detected in recent years. It is necessary to evaluate the empirical treatment of severe community infections in children in our country.

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BACKGROUND: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSa) emerged in recent years. Few studies analyzed the impact of these infections in bacteremias (B). OBJECTIVES: To analyze clinical, epidemiological, microbiological and outcome of CASa B between two periods (Period I: 1993-2004, and Period II: 2004-2007). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational and comparative study. All children older than 1 month of age and CASaB were included. RESULTS: During the study period 647 SaB were diagnosed (Period I: 499 and Period II: 148). Of them, 140 (28%) and 49 (33%) were CSaB, respectively. The median age of patients was 5.9 and 4.8 years, respectively (p= NS). Clinical foci of infection and septic shock were more frequent in the period I (78% vs. 47%) and (5% vs. 16%) (p <0.05), respectively. Skin infection and septic shock were similar in both periods (78% vs. 67% and 5% vs. 8%; p= NS). Four CAMRSa B (3%) were diagnosed during the first period. One predisposing factor was identified in all cases. Inversely, 23 cases (47%) were diagnosed during the Period II (p <0.05). Resistance rates to clindamycin and gentamicin were more high during the second period (10% vs. 2% and 20% vs. 3%, respectively) (p <0.05). Patients in the second period had longer antibiotic treatment (X 16.6 vs. 10.1 days) and more frequent inappropriate treatment at admission (53% vs. 5%) (p <0.05). Hospital stay time was longer during de first period (19.2 vs. 12.2 days) (p <0.05). The mortality rate was higher in the first period (13% vs. 4%) (p= NS). CONCLUSION: A significant increase of CAMRSa B were detected in recent years. It is necessary to evaluate the empirical treatment of severe community infections in children in our country.

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INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (CA-MRSA) are prevalent in several countries of the world. These infections seem to differ clinically from those occurring within the health care system (HCS-MRSA). OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics of infections by CA-MRSA and HCA-MRSA in the same community. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, multicentric and comparative study. Children with clinically and microbiologically documented CA-MRSA were included. RESULTS: Between 11/2006 and 11/2007, 840 infections caused by S. aureus were diagnosed. Of them 582 (68%) were community-acquired. Among these 356 (61%) were CA-MRSA. In this group, 75 (21%) were HCA-MRSA and 281 (79%) CA-MRSA. The median age was 36 months (range: 1-201). Chronic skin disease (13) and chronic disease of CNS (9) were the underlying disease predominant. Children with CA-MRSA had more frequency of previous antibiotic treatment (63 vs 34%) and previous medical consult (76 vs 52%), invasive procedures (31 vs 8%), surgery (15 vs 0.3%) and fever (94 vs 74%) (p = < 05). Children with CA-MRSA had subcutaneous abscesses (34 vs 15%) (p = < .05) more frequently. Bacteremia and sepsis rate was similar in both groups (21 vs 18%) and 17 vs 11%) respectively) (p = NS). Antibiotic resistance was more frequent in children with HCA-MRSA: Rifampin (7 vs 1%), trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole (7 vs 1%) and clindamycin (25 vs 9%) (p = < .05). Four children (5%) with HCA-MRSA infections died and 3 (1%) mCA-MRSA group (p = .05). CONCLUSION: Children with HCA-MRSA infections more frequent antibiotic resistance than CA-MRSA should be reconsider the empiric antibiotic treatment of community-acquired infections in children in our area.

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Introduction: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (CA-MRSA) are prevalent in several countries of the world. These infections seem to differ clinically from those occurring within the health care system (HCS-MRSA). Objective: To compare clinical characteristics of infections by CA-MRSA and HCA-MRSA in the same communitty. Material and Methods: Prospective, multicentric and comparative study. Children with clinically and microbiologicaly documented CA-MRSA were included. Results: Between 11/2006 and 11/2007, 840 infections caused by S. aureus were diagnosed. Of them 582 (68 percent) were community-acquired. Among these 356 (61 percent) were CA-MRSA. In this group, 75 (21 percent) were HCA-MRSA and 281 (79 percent) CA-MRSA. The median age was 36months (range: 1-201). Chronic skindisease (13) and chronic disease of CNS (9) were the underlying disease predominant. Children with CA-MRSAhad more frequency of previous antibiotic treatment (63 vs 34 percent) and previous medical consult (76 vs 52 percent), invasive procedures (31 vs 8 percent), surgery (15 vs 0,3 percent) and fever (94 vs 74 percent) (p = <05). Children with CA-MRSAhad subcutaneous abscesses (34 vs 15 percent) (p = <.05) more frequently. Bacteremia and sepsis rate was similar in both groups (21 vs 18 percent) and 17 vs 11 percent) respectively) (p = NS). Antibiotic resistance was more frequent in children with HCA-MRSA: Rifampin (7 vs 1 percent), trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole (7 vs 1 percent) and clindamycin (25 vs 9 percent) (p = <.05). Four children (5 percent) with HCA-MRSA infections died and 3 (1 percent) mCA-MRSAgroup (p = .05). Conclusión: Children with HCA-MRSA infections more frequent antibiotic resistance than CA-MRSA should be reconsider the empiric antibiotic treatment of community-acquired infections in children in our área.

Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente proveniente de la comunidad (SAMRC) es altamente prevalente en diversos países del planeta. Objetivos: Realizar un análisis clínico comparativo entre las infecciones por SAMRC en niños antes sanos (SAMR-CO) y aquellos con S. aureus MR en pacientes con patologías previas (SAMR-RH). Material y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y comparativo. Fueron incluidos los niños que tenían infección clínica y microbiológicamente documentada por SAMRC. Resultados: Entre 11/2006 y 11/2007 fueron diagnosticadas 840 infecciones porS. aureus. De ellas 582 (69 por ciento) fueron detectadas en la comunidad. Entre estas 356 (61 por ciento) fueron SAMRC. Entre estas últimas 75 (21 por ciento) fueron SAMR-RH y 281 (79 por ciento) SAMR-CO. La mediana de edad fue de 36 meses (rango: 1-201). Las enfermedades de base más frecuentes fueron: dermatopatías crónicas (13) y enfermedad crónica del SNC (9). Los niños con infección por SAMR-RH presentaron con mayor frecuencia tratamiento antimicrobiano previo (63 vs 34 por ciento), consultas médicas previas (76 vs 52 por ciento), procedimiento invasor previo (31 vs 8 por cientoo), cirugía (15 vs 0,3 por ciento) y fiebre al momento de la consulta (94 vs 74 por ciento) (p < 0,05). Los niños con infección por SAMR-CO tuvieron con mayor frecuencia abscesos subcutáneos (34 vs 15 por ciento) (p < 0,05). La tasa de bacteriemia y se sepsis fue semejante en ambos grupos (21 vs 18 por ciento y 17 vs 11 por ciento)) (p =NS). La resistencia a antimicrobianos fue mayor en niños con SAMR-RH: rifampicina (7 vs l por cientoo), cotrimoxazol (7 vs 1 por ciento) y clindamicina (25 vs 9 por ciento) (p < 0,05). Fallecieron 4 niños con SAMR-RH (5 por ciento) y 3 niños con SAMR-CO (1 por ciento) (p = 0,05). Conclusión: Los niños con SAMR-RH presentan mayor tasa de resistencia a antimicrobianos que SAMR-CO. Debe replantearse el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico en niños con ...

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Durante las últimas dos décadas se ha obsevado un aumento en la frecuencia de las infecciones fúngicas invasivas (IFI). Este incremento estuvo directamente relacionado a un ascenso en el número de pacientes con enfermedades de base inmunosupresoras como el cáncer, transplantados de médula ósea y órganos sólidos, inmunodeficiencias congénitas, infectados por el VIH y de recién nacidos prematuros. De la misma manera el incremento en la indicación de tratamientos inmunosupresores como la quimioterapia o el uso de corticoides fueron factores importanes que determinaron este aumento. La morbimortalidad de los niños con IFI es considerable. Si bien Candida albicans es el patógeno que más frecuentemente se aísla en niños con IFI, la aparición de cepas de Candida diferentes de C. albicans, Aspergillus spp y recientemente de Zygomicetes, dan un nuevo marco epidemiológico a las IFI en la actualidad. En los ultimos años aumento en un 30 por ciento el número de fármacos antifúngicos disponibles. La generación de más y mejores drogas permitió perfeccionar la terapia de estas infecciones.

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INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates are increasingly frequent causes of skin and soft-tissue infections or invasive infections in many communities. Local data are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, clinical features and outcome of infections caused by MRSA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and multicentric study of surveillance for community-acquired S. aureus infections in children from Argentina. Infections meeting the definition of community-acquired were identified. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined in the clinical microbiology laboratory with the methodology of the NCCLS. RESULTS: From November 2006 to November 2007, 840 S. aureus infections were diagnosed, 447 of them were community-acquired. One hundred and thirty-five children with underlying disease or previous hospital admission were excluded. Two hundred and eighty one (62%) infections were community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). The median age of children was 36 months (r:1-201), 60% were male. Among the CA-MRSA isolates, 62% were obtained from children with skin and soft-tissue infections, and 38% from children with invasive infections. Of them, osteomyelitis, arthritis, empyema and pneumonia were prevalent. Eigthteen percent of children had bacteremia and 11% sepsis. The rate of clindamycin resistance of CA-MRSA isolates was 10% and 1% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Only 31% of children had appropriate treatment at admission. The median time of treatment delayed was 72 h. The median time of parenteral treatment was 6 days (r:1-70). In 72% of patients surgical treatment was required. Three children died (1%). CONCLUSIONS: CA-MRSA isolates account for a high percentage and number of infections in children of Argentina. Community surveillance of CA-MRSA infections is critical to determine the appropriate empiric antibiotic treatment for either local or invasive infections. Clindamycin resistance was under 15% in the strains tested. Clindamycin should be use when CA-MRSA infection is suspected in children.

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En los últimos años se ha informacion diversas partes del mundo la aparición deinfecciones extrahospitalarias causadas por S.aureus resistentes a la meticilina (SAMRC). Losdatos de nuestro país son muy escasos y de informesindividuales.Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia, las característicasclínicas y la evolución final de las infeccionescausadas por SAMRC.Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo y multicéntricode vigilancia de las infecciones extrahospitalariaspor S. aureus en niños de la Argentina. Seincluyeron niños con alguna infección clínica y microbiológicamentedocumentada por S. aureus. Lasensibilidad a los antibióticos de las cepas aisladasse investigó según normas NCCLS.Resultados. Entre 11/2006 y 11/2007 se diagnosticaron840 infecciones por S. aureus. De ellas, 582(69 por ciento) fueron comunitarias. Se excluyeron 135 niñoscon enfermedad de base o internación previa enhospitales. Para el análisis se incluyeron 447 infecciones,de las cuales 281 (62 por ciento) fueron causadas porSAMRC. La mediana de edad fue de 36 meses (r: 1-201). Un 60 por ciento fueron varones. Prevalecieron lasinfecciones de piel y partes blandas (62 por ciento). Las infeccionesosteoarticulares, el empiema pleural y laneumonía fueron las formas invasivas más frecuentes.El 18 por ciento presentó bacteriemia y el 11 por ciento sepsis. El10 por ciento de las cepas fue resistente a clindamicina y el1 por ciento a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Sólo el 31 por ciento tuvoun tratamiento concordante al ingreso. La medianade retraso en el tratamiento adecuado fue de 72 h. Lamediana del tratamiento parenteral fue de 6 días (r:1-70). El 72 por ciento requirió tratamiento quirúrgico, principalmentedrenaje de colecciones purulentas (87 por ciento).Fallecieron 3 niños (1 por ciento).Conclusiones. La tasa de infecciones causadas porSAMRC es alta en niños de nuestro país. Esto constituyeun alerta epidemiológico, particularmentepara los pediatras.

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BACKGROUND: Many studies have succeeded in identifying a subset of children with febrile neutropenia (FN) who are at lower risk of infectious complications and eventual death. Conversely, to the authors' knowledge, no scoring system has been published to date with which to assess the risk of mortality for the whole group of children with neutropenia and fever. METHODS: Between March 2000 and July 2004, 1520 episodes of FN in 981 children were included in a multicentric prospective study to evaluate a scoring system that was designed to identify high mortality risk at the onset of an FN episode in children with cancer. RESULTS: In the derivation set (714 episodes), 18 patients died (2.5%). A multivariate analysis yielded the following significant mortality-related risk factors: advanced stage of underlying malignant disease (odds ratio [OR], 3122.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.0001-5.2), associated comorbidity (OR, 25.3; 95% CI, 7.7-83.2), and bacteremia (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 2.4-22.0). A mortality score could be built with 3 points scored for the presence of advanced-stage underlying malignant disease, 2 points scored for the presence of associated comorbidity, and 1 point scored for bacteremia. If patients collected 4 points of the risk score at onset, then their risk of mortality was 5.8%; if patients had a score of 5 points, then their risk of mortality was 15.4%; and, if they reached the maximum score of 6 points, then their risk of mortality was raised to 40%. The sensitivity of the scoring system was 100%, and it had a specificity of 84.2%. In the validation set (806 episodes), 19 children died (2.3%). For children with scores >3, the scoring system had a sensitivity of 84.2%, a specificity of 83.2%, and a negative predictive value of 99.54% for predicting mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a mortality score for high-risk patients was validated statistically by the current results. This is a major prognostic approach to categorize patients with high-risk FN at onset. A better initial predictive approach may allow better therapeutic decisions for these children, with an eventual impact on reducing mortality.

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Introducción. Las infecciones por Staphylococcusaureus meticilino-resistente en pacientes de la comunidadsin factores de riesgo han sido informadasen los últimos años. En nuestro medio aún no sehan informado en niños.Objetivos. Analizar las características epidemiológicas,clínicas y factores de riesgo de las infeccionescausadas por S. aureus meticilino-resistente provenientesde la comunidad en niños.Población, material y métodos. Estudio prospectivoy descriptivo. Se realizó un análisis comparativocon las infecciones causadas por S. aureus meticilino-sensibles del mismo origen. Las infecciones seconsideraron de adquisición extrahospitalaria cuandoel cultivo era obtenido del sitio de la infección enel momento de la consulta y no cumplía con loscriterios de infección hospitalaria propuestos por elCDC de Estados Unidos.Resultados. Entre julio de 2004 y julio de 2005 sediagnosticaron 200 infecciones en 199 niños. El 38 por ciento (76) provenían de la comunidad y el 42 por ciento(32) de ellas. La mediana de edad fue de 6 años. Prevalecieron infecciones de piel y partes blandas, seguidas por neumonías. Un 12 por ciento presentó bacteriemia y el 65 por ciento de ellos fiebre. Ningún niño falleció. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los factores de riesgo de adquisición analizados. Se observó mayor frecuencia de abscesos subcutáneos (44 por ciento contra 9 por ciento), mayor leucocitosis (18.590/mm3 contra 13.008/mm3), mayor proporción de tratamiento discordante al ingreso (84 por ciento contra 9 por ciento) y mayor frecuencia de tratamiento quirúrgico (75 por ciento contra 39 por ciento) en los niños con infecciones causadas por S. aureus meticilino-resistentes que en aquellosinfectados por cepas sensibles (p mayor 0,05).Conclusión. Los datos señalan la aparición de estasinfecciones en nuestro medio y es necesario tenerlasen cuenta. No se observaron diferencias en losfactores de riesgo de adquisición entre estas infeccionesy las causadas...(AU)

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