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INTRODUCTION: Gender equity in urological meetings is pivotal for fostering diversity and inclusivity in the field. This study aims to evaluate the representation of Spanish urologist and regional disparities, and to assess its alignment with the demographic composition of the urological community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All urology meetings organized by the AEU between January 2012 and December 2022 were reviewed, including meeting information and details of the faculty. Additionally, we analysed geographic distribution of speakers across 17 different regions. Gender demographics were obtained disaggregating data by sex and year from the Organización Médica Colegial de España (OMC) and from those urologists affiliated to the AEU. RESULTS: Analysing 52 AEU congresses held from 2012 to 2022, encompassing 3,407 speakers, the study found that 95.25% of speakers were from Spain and 89.6% were male speakers. Over the years, there was a positive trend in female speaker representation, increasing by 1.1% annually, slightly lagging the 1.8% annual rise in the number of female urologists in Spain. In specific subfields like functional, transplantation, and oncology sessions, the study revealed a higher representation of women, indicating focused efforts in these areas. Geographically, Madrid, Catalonia and Andalusia exhibited the highest representation. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a positive trend towards an increased participation of female urologists in Spanish urological meetings, it fails to accurately reflect the proportional increase in the number of women entering the urology profession in recent years. This study underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to ensure diverse and balanced representation in urological forum.

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The addition within compatibility limits of the pore formers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxy ethylcellulose (HEC) to coatings of the quaternary polymethacrylate dispersion Eudragit RS 30 D enables drug release to be controlled without problems. 20 and 15%, respectively, of these pore formers are suitable for release within 8 h of theophylline from pellets with a coating thickness of about 30 microns. A 10% addition of plasticizer, water soluble triethyl citrate (TEC) or water insoluble dibutyl phthalate (DBP), lowers the minimum film forming temperature (MFT) from 48 to 17 and 26 degrees C, respectively. The MFT is scarcely influenced by the pore formers. However, the plasticizers may modify the effect of the pore formers: HPMC is more effective in the presence of DBP. In spite of the preparation of the coatings at a bed temperature about 20 degrees C above MFT, the release from the diffusion pellets is not stable during storage. Only curing in an oven or in the fluidized bed up to a certain limiting release rate at 80 degrees C for 1 h results in stable products. Increased relative humidity allows reduction of the curing temperature. The water soluble additives polyoxy ethylene (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and insoluble additives are ineffective as pore formers.

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The formation of film coatings from aqueous polymer dispersions is a complex process, highly dependent on additives and process parameters. Release instability of modified release coatings from aqueous polymer dispersions is a frequently described problem that hinders the general application of such dispersions. However, if some important prerequisites are fulfilled, storage stability should be achievable. Most important are: (a) The appropriate plasticizing time has to be considered, incorporating sparingly soluble plasticizers in the dispersion. (b) Necessary pore formers increase the permeability of the coating to a desired and constant extent only if they are compatible with the polymer. (c) Coating in the fluidized bed at or slightly above the minimum film forming temperature may lead to only incomplete film formation. Curing at higher temperatures improves the polymer particles coalescence to a physically stable state. Other stability aspects such as physical and chemical aging, migration of plasticizers and drugs and incompatibilities are also discussed.

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In the literature, many articles refer to the DUHAMEL technique or some of its modifications in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease, however, no complete review of all of them has been published to date. The authors present an analysis of the principal modifications of this technique based on the results of an international retrospective survey that evaluated a series of 2,430 patients as well as data from the literature. The important role of the internal anal sphincter in the physiology of continence is emphasized; understanding its function is an imperative prerequisite for a successful Duhamel procedure. The original technique, which used two crushing Kocher clamps as proposed by Duhamel in 1956, as well as a majority of the modifications with various spur-crushing instruments are no longer in use. At present, surgeons generally use staplers for the colorectal anastomosis.

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The authors present the results of an international retrospective study evaluating the present situation in using Duhamel's technique or its modifications in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease on the basis a series of 2430 patients. After evaluation of all important criteria and discussion with data from the literature it is concluded that the techniques is simple, fast, less shocking, logical, reliable, respecting the rectal anatomy and physiology, ingenious in its principle, without serious complications. The rectum is preserved in place with all its vascular drainage and innervation. This technique can be performed by every sufficiently experienced surgeon.

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En una serie de 23 pacientes seguidas durante 4 y 5 años, se pudo constatar una alta correlación entre aquellas con tumores RE+ desplazables y la evolución favorables de su enfermedad (11 de 12 casos - 91 por ciento), así como una correlación entre los tumores RE+ poco desplazables y la evolución desfavorable de la enfermedad (3 de 4 casos - 75 por ciento). Este último grupo se homologa con los tumores RE - cuya evolución fue desfavorable. En esta serie, los tumores RE+ de las pacientes con evolución favorable, presentaron valores de RPg mayores de los RE (10 de 12 casos - 83 por ciento). En las pacientes con tumores RE+ la evolución desfavorable, los valores de RPg no fueron mayores que RE (3 de 4 casos - 75 por ciento). Los estudios anatomo-patológicos indicaron que los tumores RE+ desplazables presentaron mayor proporción de células más diferenciadas que el grupo de tumores RE. Los otros indicadores histológicos examinados: necrosis, desmoplasia, invasión linfocitaria, no mostraron correlación con grado de dependencia hormonal ni con la prueba de desplazamiento por Tam

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En una serie de 23 pacientes seguidas durante 4 y 5 años, se pudo constatar una alta correlación entre aquellas con tumores RE+ desplazables y la evolución favorables de su enfermedad (11 de 12 casos - 91 por ciento), así como una correlación entre los tumores RE+ poco desplazables y la evolución desfavorable de la enfermedad (3 de 4 casos - 75 por ciento). Este último grupo se homologa con los tumores RE - cuya evolución fue desfavorable. En esta serie, los tumores RE+ de las pacientes con evolución favorable, presentaron valores de RPg mayores de los RE (10 de 12 casos - 83 por ciento). En las pacientes con tumores RE+ la evolución desfavorable, los valores de RPg no fueron mayores que RE (3 de 4 casos - 75 por ciento). Los estudios anatomo-patológicos indicaron que los tumores RE+ desplazables presentaron mayor proporción de células más diferenciadas que el grupo de tumores RE. Los otros indicadores histológicos examinados: necrosis, desmoplasia, invasión linfocitaria, no mostraron correlación con grado de dependencia hormonal ni con la prueba de desplazamiento por Tam

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We present the results of a study on the depressive symptomatology in scholars during 2 years period of follow up. The initial sample was of 534 subjects (223 girls and 311 boys) of 11 and 12 years. We performed the evaluation of depressive symptoms with the self-evaluative scale CDI. We examined the puberal development with the Tanner stages. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was high and did not differ as a whole in the 2 years of survey (9.4% and 9.7%). Results showed an increment in the feminine sex from puberal stage. The incidence of depressive symptomatology in a 1 year period is 6.2%. We observed a different clinical expressivity between boys and girls. There was no significant relation between puberal stages and depressive symptoms. The results obtained support the concept of chronicity of depressive syndrome, at the same time as suggest that puberty is a crucial stage in the prevention itself.

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Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare benign tumours. A case of a 74-year-old male with a lesion affecting the submandibular region is presented. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy material was mistakenly reported as part of a pleomorphic adenoma. The lesion has not recurred 1 year after conservative excision.

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Metastases to the mandible are rare. In this article, nine cases of tumors metastatic to the mandible of various origins and locations, including metastasis to the condyle, are reported. The most common primary tumor was breast adenocarcinoma (three cases). The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of metastatic lesions, especially emphasizing clinical and radiologic aspects, are described, and a review of the literature is presented.

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Ano-rectal myectomy, described by B. Duhamel in 1965, is the logical therapy of rectoanal achalasia; an experience of 117 cases is reported. Clinical examination and radiological investigations have been made prior to surgery. This surgical procedure is simple, without complication. Three kinds of rectoanal achalasia are described: achalasia with structural change of the internal sphincter (fibrosis, sclerosis); achalasia with a functional sphincteric disorder (with normal histology); achalasia with intrinsic innervation abnormality. Excellent results have been observed in the two first groups but more variable successful results in the third group which concerns short segments of Hirschsprung's disease.

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To gain a better understanding of the development of the human diaphragm, a study of the arterial supply was made in 20 fetuses. The Micropaque injection was injected either by an ascending route in the thoracic aorta or by a descending route in the left internal carotid below the ductus arteriosus. Two studies using diaphanization have displayed the diaphragmatic anastomoses. The phrenic and the intercostal a. seemed the most important to explain the diaphragm organogenesis.

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Over the last 8 years, 23 cases of complications following ritual circumcision in home surroundings have been admitted for treatment. Patients were seen either as emergencies for immediate complications, sometimes serious, requiring recovery surgery or at a later stage for sequelae of variable severity.

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Computed tomography (C. T.) in tuberculous meningitis has revealed a spectrum of findings (cerebral necrosis, subdural hydroma or hematoma, ventricular volume, enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces, tuberculomata, ischemic infarct, position of catheter in the ventricles). C. T. is a method of value in determining location and extent of lesions, degree of hydrocephalus and helpful in evaluating effectiveness of antituberculous therapy. Findings in ten patients are reported.

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