RESUMEN

Antifouling coatings containing biocidal agents can be used to prevent the accumulation of biotic deposits on submerged surfaces; however, several commercial biocides can negatively affect the ecosystem. In this study, various formulations of a potential biocide product comprising copper nanoparticles and capsaicin supported on zeolite ZSM-5 were analyzed to determine the influence of the concentration of each component. The incorporation of copper was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Similarly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that capsaicin was supported on the zeolite surface. The presence of capsaicin on the external zeolite surface significantly reduced the surface area of the zeolite. Finally, bacterial growth inhibition analysis showed that copper nanoparticles inhibited the growth of strains Idiomarina loihiensis UCO25, Pseudoalteromonas sp. UCO92, and Halomonas boliviensis UCO24 while the organic component acted as a reinforcing biocide.

RESUMEN

Plants are continuously exposed to stress conditions, such that they have developed sophisticated and elegant survival strategies, which are reflected in their phenotypic plasticity, priming capacity, and memory acquisition. Epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in modulating gene expression and stress responses, allowing malleability, reversibility, stability, and heritability of favourable phenotypes to enhance plant performance. Considering the urgency to improve our agricultural system because of going impacting climate change, potential and sustainable strategies rely on the controlled use of eustressors, enhancing desired characteristics and yield and shaping stress tolerance in crops. However, for plant breeding purposes is necessary to focus on the use of eustressors capable of establishing stable epigenetic marks to generate a transgenerational memory to stimulate a priming state in plants to face the changing environment.

Asunto(s)

Productos Agrícolas , Fitomejoramiento , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Cambio Climático , Productos Agrícolas/genética , Epigenómica , Estrés Fisiológico/genética

RESUMEN

The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica modulates the host immune response at early stages of infection (Rodríguez et al., PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004234, 2015; Vukman et al., J Immunol 190:2873-2879, 2013). Nevertheless, little is known about the cell composition of the peritoneal fluid at these early stages of infection.In this chapter, we describe a method to perform peritoneal lavages and to recover peritoneal fluid from sheep experimentally infected and noninfected with F. hepatica at early stages of infection. In addition, with the aim to characterize the peritoneal fluid immune cell phenotype, we describe a procedure to obtain the total leukocyte count, the differential leukocyte count and the preparation and storage of peritoneal fluid smears, together with the application of an immunocytochemical technique and an automatic method to count the immunoreactive cells. Finally, the present protocol describes the evaluation of the gross and the histopathological lesions together with the immunohistochemical analysis of the hepatic tissue.

Asunto(s)

Líquido Ascítico/inmunología , Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Hígado/inmunología , Microscopía/métodos , Lavado Peritoneal/métodos , Peritoneo/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/inmunología , Líquido Ascítico/parasitología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Recuento de Leucocitos/métodos , Hígado/parasitología , Cavidad Peritoneal/parasitología , Peritoneo/parasitología , Ovinos/inmunología , Ovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to validate reference genes for gene normalisation using qRT-PCR in hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) and livers from sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica during early and late stages of infection. To this end, a comprehensive statistical approach (RefFinder) encompassing four different methods of analysis (geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and NormFinder) was used to validate ten candidate reference genes. Stability analysis of gene expression followed by pairwise variation (Vn/Vn + 1) analysis revealed that PGK1, HSP90AA1 and GYPC were the most stable reference genes and suitable for qRT-PCR normalisation in both HLN and liver tissues. These three genes were validated against FoxP3, IL-10, TGF-ß, TNF-α and IL-1ß genes in the HLN tissue of sheep vaccinated with Cathepsin L1 from F. hepatica and unvaccinated infected and uninfected controls during early stages of infection. In the liver, the three reference genes were validated against TNF-α and IL-1ß during chronic stages of infection with F. hepatica and in uninfected controls. Our study is the first to evaluate and validate sheep reference genes in order to provide tools for monitoring cytokines in Fasciola hepatica infected sheep target organs. Our results present an approach to elucidate the role of different cytokines in F. hepatica vaccinated and infected sheep.

Asunto(s)

Fasciola hepatica/genética , Fascioliasis/genética , Ovinos/genética , Animales , Catepsina L/genética , Catepsinas/genética , Catepsinas/farmacología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Fasciola hepatica/patogenicidad , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/genética , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Fosfoglicerato Quinasa/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/genética , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/patología

Asunto(s)

Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/complicaciones , Linfoma Plasmablástico/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Recto/complicaciones , Biopsia , Femenino , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/patología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linfoma Plasmablástico/patología , Neoplasias del Recto/patología , Recto/patología , Recurrencia

RESUMEN

During Fasciola hepatica infection, the parasite has the capability to modulate the host immune response towards a non-protector Th2 type instead of Th1. This type of immune response is closely related to the alternative activation of macrophages (M2 profile) as has been shown in vivo in murine models. In this study, an experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the expression of CD68, CD14, CD206 and iNOS in cells present in the peritoneal fluid of sheep during early stages of infection with F. hepatica (1, 3, 9 and 18 days post-infection, dpi) by immunocytochemistry. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that studies the in vivo immunophenotype of macrophages from the peritoneal fluid of sheep infected with F. hepatica. Throughout the experiments the absolute number of leucocytes progressively increased, reaching its highest value at 18 dpi, mainly due to the increase of eosinophils. This immunocytochemical study had two purposes: 1) CD68 expression was assessed with Hansel counterstaining, to optimally identify peritoneal macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes; 2) expression of CD14, CD206 and iNOS was evaluated to identify alternative or classical pathways of macrophage activation. The results showed a significant increase in CD14 from day 3 dpi compared with the non-infected group. CD206 expression at all time-points showed a significant and dramatic increase in comparison with the uninfected group. On the other hand, iNOS expression showed little variation, and was significantly decreased at 18 dpi in comparison with the uninfected group. These results suggest that F. hepatica induces an alternative activation of peritoneal macrophages of sheep from the first day post-infection, which may facilitate parasite survival. This is the first report describing M2 activation of peritoneal macrophages in ruminants infected with F. hepatica.

Asunto(s)

Líquido Ascítico/inmunología , Fasciola hepatica/fisiología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Recuento de Leucocitos/veterinaria , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Animales , Líquido Ascítico/parasitología , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Masculino , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología

RESUMEN

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) have been studied recently to understand plant self-nonself recognition in response to attack by biotic and abiotic stresses. Extracellular DNA has emerged as a possible DAMP. As a DAMP DNA seems to function depending on the phylogenetic scale and has been tested in a few plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the possible role of self DNA (sDNA) as a DAMP by analysing changes in CpG DNA methylation and defence-related responses in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as a model plant. sDNA and nonself DNA (nsDNA) from Capsicum chinense Murray (both species belong to the same clade, Asterids) stimulated aberrant seed germination and root growth in lettuce seedlings. Similar resultswere obtained with nsDNA obtained from Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose plants (belonging to the clade Rosids I), although at significantly higher concentrations. Moreover, in most cases, this behaviour was correlated with hypomethylation of CpG DNA as well as defence responses measured as altered gene expression associated with oxidative burst and production of secondary metabolites (phenylpropanoids) related to coping with stress conditions. Our results suggested that extracellular and fragmented DNA has a role as a DAMP depending on phylogenetic closeness in plants as lettuce, inducing epigenetic, genetic and biochemical changes within the plant. The importance of our results is that, for the first time, they demonstrate that sDNA acts as a DAMP in plants, changing CpG DNA methylation levels as well as increasing the production of secondary metabolites associated with defence responses to stress.

RESUMEN

The expression of IFNγ and IL4 was quantified using q-PCR in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) of sheep during early stages of infection with Fasciola hepatica (1, 3, 9 and 18days post-infection, dpi). A group of animals (Group 1) were vaccinated with Fasciola hepatica recombinant cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) in montanide 70 VG prior to infection, a second group (group 2) was used as infected control and a third (group 3) was used as uninfected control. To study vaccine efficacy three additional groups were sacrificed 19 weeks post-infection (group 4 immunized with CL1, group 5 with the adjuvant and group 6 was used as infected control). The vaccinated group did not show significant fluke reduction compared to the adjuvant group and infected control group. IL4 expression was observed to increase at 9 dpi and was further elevated at 18 dpi in the liver and HLN of vaccinated and infected control groups compared to the uninfected group. IFNγ expression exhibited different dynamics in the liver and HLN compared to IL4; thus, in the liver this cytokine increased at 9 dpi in the vaccinated and at 18 dpi in vaccinated and infected control groups, while in the HLN it decreased gradually and significantly from 1 dpi onwards. These results suggest that a marked Th2 polarization is present from 9 dpi in HLN and from 18 dpi in the liver. The increase of IFNγ in the liver may correspond with tissue damage response with granuloma formation. The FhCL1 vaccine did not alter the Th1/Th2 balance when compared to unvaccinated and infected sheep. The study of IFNγ and IL4 in the various tissue compartments in sheep could facilitate selection of new adjuvants inducing a strong Th1 response for a more rationale vaccine formulation.

Asunto(s)

Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Células TH1/fisiología , Células Th2/fisiología , Vacunas/inmunología , Animales , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Hígado/citología , Ganglios Linfáticos/citología , Ovinos

RESUMEN

Several immunomodulatory properties have been described in Fasciola hepatica infections. Apoptosis has been shown to be an effective mechanism to avoid the immune response in helminth infections. The aim of the present work was to study apoptosis in peritoneal leucocytes of sheep experimentally infected with F. hepatica during the early stages of infection. Five groups (n=5) of sheep were used. Groups 2-5 were orally infected with 200 metacercariae (mc) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 9 and 18days post-infection (dpi), respectively. Group 1 was used as the uninfected control (UC). Apoptosis was detected using three different methods 1) immunocytochemistry (ICC) with a polyclonal antibody anti-active caspase-3; 2) an annexin V flow cytometry assay using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI); and 3) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The differential leucocyte count revealed that the majority of peritoneal granulocytes were eosinophils, which increased significantly at 9 and 18 dpi with respect to the uninfected controls. The ICC study revealed that the percentage of caspase-3+ apoptotic peritoneal leucocytes increased significantly from 3 dpi onwards with respect to the uninfected controls. The flow cytometry annexin V assay detected a very significant (P<0.001) increase of apoptotic peritoneal macrophages, lymphocytes and granulocytes, which remained higher than in the UC until 18 dpi. Transmission electron microscopy studies also confirmed the presence of apoptosis in peritoneal eosinophils at 18 dpi. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by F. hepatica in the peritoneal leucocytes of sheep in vivo. The results of this work suggest the importance of apoptosis induction for the survival of the juvenile parasites in the peritoneal migratory stages of infection.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis/fisiología , Fasciola hepatica/fisiología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Macrófagos Peritoneales/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Animales , Caspasa 3/genética , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Femenino , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Ovinos

RESUMEN

Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are now considered to play a key role in modulation of immune responses during parasitic helminth infections. Immunomodulation is a key factor in Fasciola hepatica infection; however, the distribution and role of Foxp3+ Tregs cells have not been investigated in F. hepatica infected ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Foxp3+ Tregs in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes from experimentally infected sheep and goats during acute and chronic stages of infection. Three groups of goats (n=6) and three groups of sheep (n=6) were used in this study. Goats in groups 1-2 and sheep in groups 4-5 were orally infected with metacercarie of ovine origin. Groups 1 and 4 were killed during the acute stage of the infection, at nine days post infection (dpi); groups 2 and 5 were killed during the chronic stage, at 15 and19 weeks post infection respectively (wpi). Groups 3 (goats) and 6 (sheep) were left as uninfected controls. Fluke burdens and liver damage were assessed and the avidin-biotin-complex method was used for the immunohistochemical study. At nine dpi in acute hepatic lesions, the number of both Foxp3+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes increased significantly in goats and sheep. In the chronic stages of infection (15-19wpi), the number of Foxp3+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes were also significantly increased with respect to control livers, particularly in portal spaces with severely enlarged bile ducts (response to adult flukes) while the increase was lower in granulomas, chronic tracts and smaller portal spaces (response to tissue damage). Foxp3+ Tregs were increased in the cortex of hepatic lymph nodes of sheep (chronic infection) and goats (acute and chronic infection). The estimated proportion of T cells which were Foxp3+ was significantly increased in the large bile ducts and hepatic lymph node cortex of chronically infected goats but not sheep. This first report of the expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs in acute and chronic hepatic lesions in ruminants suggests that these cells may be involved in both parasite survival and modulation of hepatic damage. Future studies should be focused on the investigation of parasite molecules and cytokines involved in this process.

Asunto(s)

Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Hígado/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Fascioliasis/patología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/patología , Cabras , Hígado/parasitología , Hígado/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/parasitología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Masculino , Ovinos , Oveja Doméstica

RESUMEN

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the number of apoptotic eosinophils in the livers of sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica during the migratory and biliary stages of infection. Four groups (n=5) of sheep were used; groups 1-3 were orally infected with 200 metacercariae (mc) and sacrificed at 8 and 28 days post-infection (dpi), and 17 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. Group 4 was used as an uninfected control. Apoptosis was detected using immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody against anti-active caspase-3, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eosinophils were identified using the Hansel stain in serial sections for caspase-3, and by ultrastructural features using TEM. At 8 and 28 dpi, numerous caspase-3(+) eosinophils were mainly found at the periphery of acute hepatic necrotic foci. The percentage of caspase -3(+) apoptotic eosinophils in the periphery of necrotic foci was high (46.1-53.9) at 8 and 28 dpi, respectively, and decreased in granulomas found at 28 dpi (6%). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of apoptotic eosinophils in hepatic lesions at 8 and 28 dpi. At 17 wpi, apoptotic eosinophils were detected in the infiltrate surrounding some enlarged bile ducts containing adult flukes. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by F. hepatica in sheep and the first study reporting apoptosis in eosinophils in hepatic inflammatory infiltrates in vivo. The high number of apoptotic eosinophils in acute necrotic tracts during the migratory and biliary stages of infection suggests that eosinophil apoptosis may play a role in F. hepatica survival during different stages of infection.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis , Eosinófilos/patología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/patología , Animales , Conductos Biliares/parasitología , Conductos Biliares/patología , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/enzimología , Eosinófilos/ultraestructura , Fascioliasis/patología , Femenino , Vesícula Biliar/parasitología , Vesícula Biliar/patología , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Hígado/parasitología , Hígado/patología , Hígado/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/veterinaria , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Elaborara e implantar un programa para la detección precoz del Cáncer colorrectal en los trabajadores de un hospital terciario de la Comunidad de Madrid. Introducir el cribado de cáncer colorrectal en los trabajadores de un hospital terciario de la Comunidad de Madrid. Introducir el cribado del cáncer colorrectal en los exámentes de salud de los trabajadores con edad comprendida entre 50 y 70 años, población de riesgo medio. Material y Métodos: La población diana es la plantilla del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, que acudan a realizar los exámenes de salud y que cumplan determinados criterios. Criterios de inclusión: Trabajadores asintomáticos con edad entre 50 y 70 años y sin antecedentes personales ni familiares de cáncer colorrectal. Criterios de Exclusión: Padecer sangrado hemorroidal intermitente,e star incluido en programa de cribado de cáncer colorrectal, pertenecer a grupos de alto riesgo por historia familiar o personal, afecto de enfermedad grave. Determinación de una sola muestra de sangre oculta en heces con métodos inmunológicos (SOHi) cuantitativo. Colonoscopias: de alta calidad, determinaran el seguimiento. Será cada 10 años, sino se detectan lesiones neoplásicas. Resultados: En el reconocimiento médico se seleccionaran a los trabajadores susceptibles de cribado, explicándoles, su importancia y beneficio. A los que aceptan, explicamos el procedimiento de recogida y entregada de muestras, para la detección de sangre oculta en heces (inmunológico), una sola muestra. Según el resultado, si es negativo, se repetirá la prueba al cabo de 2 años. Si es positivo, derivación a las consultas de Alto riesgo de Digestivo. Finalizado el estudio, emitirán un informe clínico. Se elaboran los siguientes documentos: Volante especifico de derivación a Digestivo y Ficha recogida de datos del trabajador(soporte electrónico). Conclusiones; Siendo nuestra población trabajadora, por rango de edad, la población de riesgo medio, y conocida la epidemiología de la enfermedad, consideramos beneficioso la implantación de dicho programa. Así como llevar a cabo la detección precoz de enfermedades en la población trabajadora y la promoción de la salud (AU)

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Objective: To develop and implement a program for the early detection of Colorectal Cancer in workers in a tertiary hospital in the Community of Madrid. And to introduce screening for colorectal cancer in the health checks for workers within a range of 50 to 70 years old, medium-risk population. Material and Methods: The target population is the staff of Hospital Clínico San Carlos, which meet certain criteria and who attend to the health tests. Inclusion criteria: Aymptomatic workers with age between 50 and 70 years old, and no personal or family history of colorectal cancer. Exclusion criteria: Suffering form intermittent hemorrhoid bleeding, be included in colorectal cancer screening program, belonging to high risk groups for family or personal history of serious disease affection. Determination of a single sample of blood hidden in faces with immunological quantitative methods (SOHi). Colonoscopies: high quality, they will determine the follow-up; it will be every 10 years, unless neoplastic lesions are detected. Results: The workers subject to screening will be selected in the medical check-up. They will be informed of the importance and benefits of the screening. For those who accept: we will explain the procedure for collection and delivery of samples, for the detection of blood hidden in faeces (immune), single sample Depending on the result, if it is negative, the test will be done again in 2 years. If it is positive: the person will be addressed to the consultaitons of high risk of digestive system. Once the study is finalized, they will issue a clinical report. Conclusions: Since our target population is working population, by range of age, of risk, medium, and known the epidemiology of the disease, we consider beneficial the implementation of this program. We also consider positive to carry out the early detection of diseases in the working population and the promotion of health (AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Prevención de Enfermedades , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador/organización & administración

RESUMEN

Changes and local immune response were evaluated in the peritoneal cell populations, duodenal lamina propria and liver from goats immunized with recombinant glutathione transferase sigma class (rFhGST-S1) during early stages of infection with Fasciola hepatica. Group 1 (n=7) was unimmunized and uninfected; group 2 (n=10) was immunized with adjuvant Quil A and infected; group 3 (n=10) was immunised with rFhGST-S1 and infected. Three goats from each group were killed at 7-9 days post-infection (dpi) to evaluate early changes and immune response. The remaining goats were killed at 15 weeks post-infection (wpi). rFhGST-S1 vaccination induced variable response: three goats showed low fluke burden at 15 wpi and two goats showed low hepatic damage at early infection stages. This response was associated to a severe infiltrate of eosinophils in peritoneal fluid and hepatic necrotic foci, high iNOS expression in peritoneal cells and abundant infiltrate of eosinophils surrounding hepatic migrating flukes. T lymphocyte subsets were found in the vicinity of necrotic areas but they were absent in the vicinity of migrating larvae. No significant variation for T cell subsets, except for CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes, that were higher in the Quil A group compared to the rFhGST-S1 group. Expression of IL4 and IFN-γ in the hepatic inflammatory infiltrates was very occasional.

Asunto(s)

Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Hígado/patología , Peritoneo/patología , Vacunas/inmunología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Fascioliasis/patología , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/patología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Cabras/inmunología , Cabras/parasitología , Inmunidad Celular/inmunología , Inmunidad Humoral/inmunología , Hígado/parasitología , Masculino , Peritoneo/parasitología , Saponinas de Quillaja , Saponinas/uso terapéutico , Vacunas/uso terapéutico , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/uso terapéutico

RESUMEN

Las Infecciones del Tracto Urinario (ITU) representan el 24,92% de las infecciones nosocomiales investigadas UCI, y se asocia a un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y a un incremento de la estancia hospitalaria y costes hospitalarios; comprometiendo la seguridad de los pacientes. La prevalencia de la ITU en UCI está directamente relacionada con el uso generalizado del catéter uretral (CU).Se ha estimado que entre el 17 y 69% de las ITU asociada al CU se pueden prevenir mediante un programa de prevención basado en la evidencia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention de EE. UU. recomienda, con una fuerte evidencia para su implementación, el uso de paquetes de medidas basadas en la evidencia y la formación continua del personal sanitario en los Factores de Riesgo extrínsecos de la ITU asociada al CU relacionados con los cuidados de enfermería (Técnica de inserción, mantenimiento y sistema de drenaje).La elaboración de un protocolo de cuidados de los CU basado en la evidencia, versado en las últimas guías clínicas, así como revisiones sistemática extraídas de la Biblioteca Cochrane, donde se describen los cuidados de práctica clínica que más evidencian su relación directa con la disminución de la ITU asociada al CU, nos permitirá consensuar las directrices de nuestros cuidados para evitar su variabilidad, evaluar y comparar, con otras UCI, la calidad de nuestros cuidados a través de indicadores de calidad establecidos por Estudio Nacional de Vigilancia de Infección Nosocomial en Servicios de Medicina Intensiva (AU)

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Abstract Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) account for 24.92% of ICU nosocomial infections investigated. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, increased hospital stay andhospital costs, jeopardizing patient safety. Prevalence of UTI in ICU is directly related to thewidespread use of urethral catheter (UC). It has been estimated that between 17% and 69% of UTIs associated with the UC can beprevented through an evidence-based prevention program. The Centers for Disease Control andPrevention recommend, based on strong evidence for its implementation, the use of packagesbased on evidence and ongoing training of health personnel in the extrinsic risk factors of UTIassociated with UC-related nursing care (technique of insertion, maintenance and drainagesystem).The development of an evidence-based UC protocol of care for, dealt with in the latest clinicalguidelines, and the systematic reviews extracted from the Cochrane, where the clinical caresthat are most clearly shown to have a direct relation to decrease of UTI asssociated with UCare described, will make it possible for us to reach a consensus on the guidelines of our careto avoid their variability. This will also make it possible to evaluate and compare the qualityof our cares with other ICUs, using quality indicators established by the National SurveillanceStudy of Nosocomial Infection in Medical Services Intensive (AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Cateterismo Urinario/enfermería , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/enfermería , Infecciones Urinarias/prevención & control , Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia/métodos , Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia/métodos , Seguridad del Paciente/normas , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) account for 24.92% of ICU nosocomial infections investigated. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, increased hospital stay and hospital costs, jeopardizing patient safety. Prevalence of UTI in ICU is directly related to the widespread use of urethral catheter (UC). It has been estimated that between 17% and 69% of UTIs associated with the UC can be prevented through an evidence-based prevention program. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend, based on strong evidence for its implementation, the use of packages based on evidence and ongoing training of health personnel in the extrinsic risk factors of UTI associated with UC-related nursing care (technique of insertion, maintenance and drainage system). The development of an evidence-based UC protocol of care for, dealt with in the latest clinical guidelines, and the systematic reviews extracted from the Cochrane, where the clinical cares that are most clearly shown to have a direct relation to decrease of UTI asssociated with UC are described, will make it possible for us to reach a consensus on the guidelines of our care to avoid their variability. This will also make it possible to evaluate and compare the quality of our cares with other ICUs, using quality indicators established by the National Surveillance Study of Nosocomial Infection in Medical Services Intensive.

Asunto(s)

Protocolos Clínicos , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Cateterismo Urinario/normas , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Catéteres Urinarios , Infecciones Urinarias/prevención & control

RESUMEN

Los Servicios de Prevención y Física Médica elaboran un procedimiento de notificación de embarazo y lactancia para trabajadoras de un área sanitaria de la Comunidad de Madrid tomando como referencia la normativa vigente. El procedimiento comienza con la comunicación de la situación de embarazo por parte de la trabajadora expuesta a radiaciones ionizantes al Servicio de Prevención. Este Servicio solicitará al Servicio de Física Médica la información necesaria sobre el riesgo de exposición de la mujer embarazada y, si se estima procedente el cambio de puesto de trabajo, se elevará la propuesta a la dirección correspondiente. Ha de existir una coordinación total entre el Servicio de Prevención y el Servicio de Física Médica, en cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo habituales de la trabajadora gestante expuesta a radiaciones ionizantes, para poder establecer medidas preventivas,información-formación, dosimetría específica, vigilancia de la salud individualizada, adaptación/cambio de puesto si procede, que eviten posibles efectos sobre la salud del feto (AU)

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Occupational Health Service and Medical Physics Service develope a procedure for notificating pregnancy and lactation for workers in a sanitary area of Madrid with current legislation. The procedure begins communicating the pregnancy of the worker exposed to ionizing radiation to the Occupational Health Service. ThisService will ask the Medical Physics Service information about the hazzard for pregnant women and, if the change of job is estimated, the proposal will be communicated to the appropriate managment. There must be a total coordination between Occupational Health Service and Medical Physics one, in terms of working conditions of pregnant worker exposed to ionizing radiation, in order to establish preventive measures, information, training, dosimetry, health monitoring, adaptation/change of the job if necessary, to avoid possible effects on fetus health (AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Radiación Ionizante , Anomalías Inducidas por Radiación/prevención & control , Notificación Obligatoria , Complicaciones del Embarazo/prevención & control , Monitoreo de Radiación/normas , Exposición a la Radiación

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Valorar el conocimiento de los nuevos residentes sobre su calendario vacunal, su estado serológico frente enfermedades vacunoprevenibles y la validez de la historia clínico-laboral como indicador de protección frente éstas.Método: Mediante cuestionario específico obtenemos datos sobre el conocimiento del estado e historia vacunal, y mediante serología comprobamos el estado de protección actual de 130 nuevos residentes hospitalarios.Resultados: La edad media es de 26,7 años, siendo 62% mujeres. Son españoles 82%, de Centro y Sur América 17% y un 1% europeos. El 42% desconocen su calendario vacunal. Están protegidos frente varicela 93,1% y frente a sarampión 90.8%, pero frente parotiditis y rubéola sólo presentan anticuerpos positivos el 69.2% y 61.5% respectivamente. Refieren vacunación frente hepatitis B 81.5% y están protegidos 80,8%. Refieren vacunación de hepatitis A 35% y están protegidos 52.3%. 65% nunca se vacunó de gripe.Conclusiones: Se ha objetivado un gran desconocimiento sobre vacunaciones. La protección frente parotiditis y rubéola ha resultado escasa. La cobertura vacunal frente a VHB, VHA y gripe es baja contando con que se trata ya de personal de riesgo antes de realizar este estudio. La historia clínico laboral no es congruente con los resultados serológicos en muchos casos (AU)

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Objective: To evaluate knowledge about vaccines, protection against vaccine-preventable diseases and labour medical history value.Methods: We obtained data on immunization status and serum antibodies against these diseases from 130 newcomers residents to our hospital that were enrolled from May to June 2008. Results: Their mean age was 26.7 years (62% women). They are Spanish 82%, from Centre and South America 17% and 1% European. 42% of subjects don’t know their immunization schedule. 93.1% are immune against varicella and 90.8% against measles, but only 69,2% are immune against rubella and 61,5% against mumps. 81% have been vaccinated against hepatitis B and 80,8% are protected. 35% related to be vaccinated against hepatitis A, but 52.3% are protected. 65% of them never have been flu vaccinated.Conclusion: A lack of knowledge about vaccine has been found. Protection against mumps and rubella is not enough. Immunization coverage against VHB, VHA and flu is low for this biological risk population. Lot of the subjects doesn’t have a labour medical history consistent with serological results (AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Personal de Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Oesophagitis is characterised by basal cell hyperplasia and activated eosinophils, which release mediators including major basic protein (MBP). MBP and its mimetic polyarginine activate the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) on oesophageal epithelium. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is implicated in epithelial homeostasis and proliferative response to injury, but has not been characterised in the oesophagus. OBJECTIVE: To characterise FGF9 in oesophageal epithelium and oesophagitis, as the result of MBP activation of the CaSR. METHODS: Human oesophageal epithelial cells (HET-1A) were used to compare affects of calcium, polyarginine and MBP-peptide on FGF9. HET-1A were transfected with interfering RNA (siRNA(CaSR)). FGF9, FGF receptors 2 and 3, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4 and noggin mRNA expression were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. FGF9 was measured from HET-1A and from normal, gastro-oesophageal reflux and eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) patient biopsies using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. HET-1A proliferation was studied using bromodeoxyuridine and MTT. RESULTS: FGF9 was secreted by HET-1A cells treated with polyarginine and MBP-peptide, but not calcium. This effect was abrogated by siRNA(CaSR). FGF9 receptor mRNA was present. HET-1A cells proliferated following rhFGF9, but not MBP-peptide treatment, and rhFGF9 altered transcription of downstream proliferation-related genes (noggin, BMP-2 and BMP-4). FGF9 was increased in biopsies from patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis, which correlated with basal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: Eosinophil-released MBP acts on the CaSR to increase FGF9 in oesophageal epithelial cells, leading to proliferation. Increased FGF9 is found in biopsies of EoE patients and may play a role in the pathogenesis of oesophagitis.

Asunto(s)

Eosinofilia/metabolismo , Esofagitis/inmunología , Esófago/inmunología , Factor 9 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/farmacología , Adolescente , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Óseas/genética , Calcio/metabolismo , Calcio/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Niño , Preescolar , Proteína Mayor Básica del Eosinófilo/metabolismo , Proteína Mayor Básica del Eosinófilo/farmacología , Eosinofilia/patología , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/patología , Esofagitis/metabolismo , Esofagitis/patología , Esófago/metabolismo , Esófago/patología , Femenino , Factor 9 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/análisis , Factor 9 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Péptidos/metabolismo , Péptidos/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/análisis , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Receptor Tipo 2 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptor Tipo 3 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptores Sensibles al Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

There have been many studies on Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria, which are important grasshopper pests in many parts of the world. However, the main pest grasshopper species in Brazil, S. pallens, Rhammatocerus schistocercoides and Stiphra robusta, are very poorly characterized genetically. We adapted a permanent in situ hybridization method to extend the genetic characterization of S. pallens by mapping the single-copy genes Hsp70, Hsp83, Hsp27, and Ubi on meiotic chromosomes. Hsp70 was mapped on the L2 chromosome, in which 82% of the signals were observed. Hsp83 was mapped on a medium-sized chromosome, on which 81% of the signals were observed, tentatively identified as M7. The hybridization signals for the Hsp27 gene were detected on the L1 chromosome at a frequency of 58%. The main hybridization site of the Ubi probe was on the L2 chromosome, with 73% of the signals. All mapped genes also presented secondary hybridization signals, always at frequencies below 30%. These are the first single-copy genes mapped for S. pallens and also for the Acrididae family. Since the Acrididae generally present very similar karyotypes, these data are useful as new landmarks for chromosome identification and as a tool for phylogenetic studies on the genus Schistocerca and for comparison with other insects.

Asunto(s)

Cromosomas/genética , Dosificación de Gen , Saltamontes/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Hibridación in Situ/economía , Hibridación in Situ/métodos , Meiosis , Animales , Brasil , Genes de Insecto , Masculino

RESUMEN

There have been many studies on Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria, which are important grasshopper pests in many parts of the world. However, the main pest grasshopper species in Brazil, S. pallens, Rhammatocerus schistocercoides and Stiphra robusta, are very poorly characterized genetically. We adapted a permanent in situ hybridization method to extend the genetic characterization of S. pallens by mapping the single-copy genes Hsp70, Hsp83, Hsp27, and Ubi on meiotic chromosomes. Hsp70 was mapped on the L2 chromosome, in which 82% of the signals were observed. Hsp83 was mapped on a medium-sized chromosome, on which 81% of the signals were observed, tentatively identified as M7. The hybridization signals for the Hsp27 gene were detected on the L1 chromosome at a frequency of 58%. The main hybridization site of the Ubi probe was on the L2 chromosome, with 73% of the signals. All mapped genes also presented secondary hybridization signals, always at frequencies below 30%. These are the first single-copy genes mapped for S. pallens and also for the Acrididae family. Since the Acrididae generally present very similar karyotypes, these data are useful as new landmarks for chromosome identification and as a tool for phylogenetic studies on the genus Schistocerca and for comparison with other insects.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Cromosomas/genética , Dosificación de Gen , Saltamontes/genética , Hibridación in Situ/economía , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Brasil , Genes de Insecto , Hibridación in Situ/métodos , Meiosis