RESUMEN
Skin, the largest organ in the body, blocks the entry of environmental pollutants into the system. Any injury to this organ allows infections and other harmful substances into the body. 3D bioprinting, a state-of-the-art technique, is suitable for fabricating cell culture scaffolds to heal chronic wounds rapidly. This study uses starch extracted from Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot plant) (AS) and gellan gum (GG) to develop a bioink for 3D printing a scaffold capable of hosting animal cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) prove that the isolated AS is analogous to commercial starch. The cell culture scaffolds developed are superior to the existing monolayer culture. Infrared microscopy shows the AS-GG interaction and elucidates the mechanism of hydrogel formation. The physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold are analyzed to check the cell adhesion and growth; SEM images have confirmed that the AS-GG printed scaffold can support cell growth and proliferation, and the MTT assay shows good cell viability. Cell behavioral and migration studies reveal that cells are healthy. Since the scaffold is biocompatible, it can be 3D printed to any shape and structure and will biodegrade in the requisite time.
Asunto(s)
Marantaceae , Polisacáridos Bacterianos , Andamios del Tejido , Animales , Andamios del Tejido/química , Almidón , Cicatrización de Heridas , Impresión Tridimensional , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Hidrogeles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Several natural compounds reduce tumour cell growth and metastasis by inducing programmed cell death. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) contains cyanogenic glycosides such as, linamarin and lotaustralin, can be enzymatically cleaved by linamarase to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which can have therapeutic benefits against hypertension, asthma, and cancer. We have developed a technology for isolating bio-active principles from cassava leaves.The present study is designed to analyze the cytotoxic effect of cassava cyanide extract (CCE) against human glioblastoma cells (LN229). The treatment of CCE demonstrated a dose dependent toxicity on glioblastoma cells. At higher concentration tested, the CCE (400 µg/mL) was found to be cytotoxic, reducing the cell viability to 14.07 ± 2.15% by negatively influencing the mitochondrial activity, and lysosomal and cytoskeletal integrity. Coomassie's brilliant blue staining confirmed cells' morphological aberration after 24 h of treatment with CCE. Moreover, DCFH-DA assay and Griess reagent showed an increase in ROS but a decrease in RNS production at a concentration of CCE. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CCE interfered with G0/G1, S, and G2/M stages of the cell cycle of glioblastoma, and Annexin/PI staining indicated a dose-dependent increase in cell death, confirming the toxic nature of CCE on LN229 cells. These findings suggest that cassava cyanide extract has potential as an antineoplastic agent against glioblastoma cells, which is an aggressive and difficult-to-treat type of brain cancer. However, it is important to note that the study was conducted in vitro, and further research is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of CCE in vivo. Additionally, it is essential to establish the optimal dose and potential side effects before considering its use as a therapeutic agent.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Glioblastoma , Manihot , Humanos , Cianuros/análisis , Cianuros/metabolismo , Manihot/toxicidad , Manihot/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the well-characterized nanomaterials with multifaceted biomedical applications, including biomedical imaging, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical preparations. The high surface charge of ZnO NPs leads to the agglomeration of the particles. Therefore, surface coating with a suitable ligand can increase colloidal stability. In this present study, in-vitro responses of ZnO NPs capped with a sulfur-containing amino acid, L-cysteine (Cys-ZnO NPs), on A549 cells was investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out to confirm the capping of ZnO NPs with L-cysteine. Cytotoxic studies using A549 cells demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity in comparison with already reported pristine Zinc Oxide nanoparticles. The cellular uptake is confirmed by fluorescent cytometry. However, a higher concentration (160 µg/mL) of Cys-ZnO NPs led to apoptotic cell death marked by nuclear condensation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, actin filament condensation, lysosomal damage LDH leakage, intracellular ROS production, blebbing, upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression. Cys-ZnO NPs treatment was also carried out in cells cultured in a microfluidic lung-on-a-chip device under a physiologically relevant flow rate. The study concluded that the microfluidic-based lung-on-a-chip culture resulted in reduced cell death compared to the conventional condition.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas del Metal , Nanopartículas , Óxido de Zinc , Células A549 , Cisteína , Humanos , Dispositivos Laboratorio en un Chip , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Nanopartículas/química , Óxido de Zinc/química , Óxido de Zinc/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and HIV, effective immunization remains obscure and imparts a great challenge to science. PURPOSE AND SCOPE: The novel Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is the reason for the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic in the human global population, in the first half of 2019. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID-19 immunization is a global prerequisite to end this pandemic. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The different vaccine technologies like inactivation, attenuation, nucleic acid, viral vector, subunit, and viral particle based techniques are employed to develop a safe and highly efficient vaccine. The progress in vaccine development for SARS-CoV2 is much faster in the history of science. Even though there exist of lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focuses on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Vacunas , Animales , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Humanos , Pandemias , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
Cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) is one of the most important root crops in tropical countries. It is a major source of cyanogenic glycosides viz. linamarin and lotaustralin, and these on breakdown liberate HCN and ketone. Cassava cyanide extract (CCE) from cassava leaves and tuber rinds were formulated as a biopesticide against certain borer insect pests of horticultural crops. Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) were treated with three different concentrations (100, 200, 400 ppm) of CCE. The MTT and NRU assays showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The DCFH-DA assay does not show any free radical scavenging activity, whereas the NRR assay showed a reduction in the nitrile radicals with an increase in the concentration of the bioactive compound. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of the bioactive principles and mitochondrial and lysosomal functions. Various cellular assays demonstrated the cellular response of the CCE, and it was found that at higher concentration (400 ppm), the CCE exert a significant necrotic cell death rather than apoptosis. The results of the study indicated that the CCE have a remarkable tendency of anti-proliferative ability.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Bronquioloalveolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Cianuros/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Manihot/química , Células A549 , Adenocarcinoma Bronquioloalveolar/patología , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cianuros/administración & dosificación , Cianuros/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Necroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The wonder material graphene has numerous potential applications in nanoelectronics, biomedicine, storage devices, etc. Synthesis of graphene is highly challenging due to the toxic chemicals used and its low yield. In the present study, a facile green route for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was carried out using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. rGO was stabilized using Pluronic P123 polymer to give Pluronic stabilized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-P) and gave superior yield (15 mg graphene oxide yielded Ë13 mg rGO-P). Despite the potential neuroscience applications of graphene, the impending toxicological outcome upon interaction with neurons is not well understood. Here, differentiated PC-12 neuron-like cells exposed to rGO-P showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Membrane disruption and cytoskeletal integrity remained uncompromised after 24 h exposure. Oxidative stress in PC-12 was evident due to an increase in ROS generation in dose and time-dependent manner. In vivo acute toxicity was assessed in mice administered with 10 mg/kg body weight of rGO-P. There were no evident changes in behaviour, motor function or other morphological changes. In conclusion, rGO-P was successfully synthesized and provided superior yield. Even though in vitro toxicity testing showed dose-dependent toxicity, in vivo toxic effect was not apparent.
Asunto(s)
Grafito/química , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Poloxámero/química , Animales , Muerte Celular , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/análisis , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Ratones , Oxidación-Reducción , Células PC12 , Espectroscopía de Fotoelectrones , Corona de Proteínas/química , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Espectrometría Raman , Pruebas de Toxicidad AgudaRESUMEN
Bio-inspired scaffolds in bone tissue engineering using multipotential mesenchymal stem cells grow at a rapid rate found its successful use in orthopedic injury treatment. Poly(ε-caprolactone)/PCL is widely used in medical devices, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. Most desirable property of biodegradable polymer to be employed in medical application is synchronization of degradation with functional tissue regeneration. Limited studies have incorporated the degradation kinetics and implication of degradation products of pure unmodified PCL. The present study analyzes short term in vitro degradation profile of PCL films in physiological condition. The study reports weight loss, changes in molecular weight distribution and morphological variation in PCL thin film over a period of 90-day degradation. When the degradable material is in contact with host tissue, there exists robust and dynamic microenvironment controlling the cell functionality. To comprehend the biocompatibility aspects of polymer material, the study considered mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as model system mimicking in vivo. There was no indication of toxicity revealed with MTT, LDH leakage, direct contact assay and clonogenic assay. Absence of oxidative stress and apoptosis denotes BMSCs functional integrity sustained upon exposure to PCL degradation products. Cell cycle analysis and DNA ladder assay confirmed cell survival and genomic stability. The study revealed that the topography of pure unmodified PCL surface is suitable for cell adhesion. It was also observed that the viability of differentiated cells (osteoblasts) was maintained in presence of PCL extract. Furthermore, polymer and its degradation products were proved to be hemocompatible. These results synergistically suggest that pure unmodified PCL and its degradation products are non-toxic at molecular level.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Células de la Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Poliésteres/farmacología , Andamios del Tejido , Implantes Absorbibles , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Células de la Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Huesos/citología , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Ratones , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Poliésteres/química , Cultivo Primario de Células , Ingeniería de TejidosRESUMEN
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have potential biomedical, industrial and commercial applications. So they constantly come into contact with the body parts during applications. Safety concerns about ZnO NPs are increasing today and yet only few reports are available about their toxicity in kidney cells. It is very essential to analyze the toxicity on kidney because kidney plays a decisive role in nanoparticles excretion. Therefore, the present study focuses on the interaction of ZnO NPs with human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells in vitro. The results showed that the cellular viability was much affected by ZnO NPs in a dose and time dependent manner. Oxidative stress increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was found to be the prime mechanism of cytotoxicity. Formation of ROS eventually induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal activity and nuclear condensation, which ultimately leads to apoptosis.