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Introducción: La ruptura de una aguja dental es una complicación infrecuente y sucede generalmente por el movimiento repentino y/o cierre bucal inesperado del paciente, por doblar la aguja en forma inadecuada, por insertarla completamente o moverla dentro del tejido blando, por elegir agujas de calibre y longitud inadecuados y al realizar técnicas anestésicas inapropiadas. Cuando la aguja no puede ser recuperada al instante, debe establecerse su ubicación imagenológica tridimensional y decidir el manejo. Ante tal situación, su eliminación quirúrgica es la propuesta más recomendable por la posibilidad de que migre y lesione estructuras anatómicas importantes. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de la literatura y presentar un caso clínico de ruptura de aguja dental localizada en el espacio pterigomaxilar, resuelto con un abordaje intrabucal laterofaríngeo. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 8 años de edad, que acude a consulta por presentar ruptura de una aguja dental. Para obtener su ubicación se utilizó una tomografía computarizada de haz cónico con reconstrucción tridimensional a boca cerrada y abierta. Esta prueba ofreció mayor precisión y correspondencia anatómica, considerando que la eliminación quirúrgica podría realizarse mediante un abordaje intrabucal. Así fue hecho y durante la intervención quirúrgica se advirtió que la aguja había migrado a una ubicación superior y posterior, al espacio pterigomaxilar. Ante tal situación, resultó de mayor complejidad su recuperación, que ya presentaba riesgos por el procedimiento complejo al que se sometió. Conclusiones: La anestesia local intrabucal no está exenta de complicaciones propias como la ruptura de la aguja dental. Cuando este evento se presenta, el resultado puede ser de muy difícil manejo(AU)

Introduction: The rupture of a dental needle is an uncommon complication and usually happens due to the sudden movement and / or unexpected oral closure of the patient, by bending the needle improperly, by inserting it completely or moving it into the soft tissue, by choosing needles of inadequate caliber and length and by performing inappropriate anesthetic techniques. When the needle cannot be recovered instantly, its three-dimensional imaging location must be established and handling decided. In such a situation, its surgical elimination is the most recommended proposal due to the possibility of migrating and injuring important anatomical structures. Objective: Conduct a literature review and present a clinical case of dental needle rupture located in the pterygomaxillary space, resolved with a lateropharyngeal intraoral approach. Case presentation: An 8-year-old male patient, who comes to the consultation for a ruptured dental needle. To obtain its location, a cone-beam computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction was used at closed and open mouth. This test offered greater precision and anatomical correspondence, considering that surgical removal could be performed by an intraoral approach. This was done and during the surgical intervention it was noticed that the needle had migrated to an upper and posterior location, to the pterygomaxillary space. Faced with this situation, his recovery was more complex, in addition to the one that this procedure represents by itself. Conclusions: Intraoral local anesthesia is not exempt from its own complications such as the rupture of the dental needle. When this event occurs, the result can be very difficult to manage(AU)

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Closed tibiae plateau fractures are common injuries in the emergency room. The optimal treatment is not well defined or established. For this reason, there are several surgical management options: open reduction and internal fixation, closed reduction and percutaneous synthesis, external fixation, and even conservative treatment for this kind of fracture. The mechanism of production of this fracture is through large varus or valgus deformation to which is added a factor of axial load. The trauma may be direct or indirect. The degree of displacement, fragmentation and involvement of soft tissues like ligaments, menisci, vascular and nerve structures are determined by the magnitude of the force exerted. Any intra-articular fracture treatment can lead to an erroneous instability, deformity and limitation of motion with subsequent arthritic changes, leading to joint incongruity, limiting activity and significantly altering the quality of life. Open reduction and internal fixation with anatomic restitution is the method used in this type of fracture. However, the results of numerous publications can be questioned due to the inclusion in the same study of fractures treated with very different methods.

Las fracturas de la meseta tibial cerradas son lesiones frecuentes en los servicios de urgencias, cuyo tratamiento óptimo no se encuentra bien definido, ya que existen para un mismo tipo de fractura diversas opciones de manejo quirúrgico, como reducción abierta y fijación interna, reducción cerrada con síntesis percutánea, fijación externa e incluso tratamiento conservador. El mecanismo de producción de estas fracturas es a través de grandes deformaciones en varo o valgo a las que se añade un componente de carga axial. El traumatismo puede ser directo o indirecto. El grado de desplazamiento, la fragmentación y la afectación de partes blandas (ligamentos, meniscos, estructuras vasculares y nerviosas) se encuentran determinados por la magnitud de la fuerza ejercida. Como en cualquier fractura intraarticular, un tratamiento erróneo puede dar lugar a inestabilidad, deformidad y limitación de la movilidad, con los consiguientes cambios artrósicos, lo cual provocará incongruencia articular, limitará la actividad y alternará de forma significativa la calidad de vida. La reducción abierta y la fijación interna con la que se busca la restitución anatómica es un método utilizado en este tipo de fracturas. Sin embargo, los resultados de numerosas publicaciones pueden ser cuestionados debido a la inclusión en un mismo estudio de fracturas tratadas con métodos muy diferentes.

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Varicella-zoster virus-associated arthritis has not been well documented in adults. We present the case of a 27-year-old female patient with monoarthritis of the knee associated with clinical symptoms typical of varicella. Arthroscopic examination showed unusual oval and circular lesions in cartilage, some of which measured 5 +/- 3 mm in diameter in weight-supporting zones. Such lesions have not been described previously and were type III-A lesions on the Noyes scale or grade IV on the Outerbridge scale. On microscopic observation, synovial fluid cultures and hemocultures were negative for the presence of bacteria. A biopsy sample and synovial liquid from the affected knee produced a positive polymerase chain reaction for varicella-zoster virus, genotype E. These findings suggest a strong relation between clinical varicella infection and important lesion invasion in the knee articulation of such a young adult, probably related to the virus. However, it remains necessary to corroborate this relation between cartilage destruction and clinical symptoms of varicella associated with monoarthritis of an adult knee. Nevertheless, it is advisable to initiate the appropriate antiviral treatment in adults with varicella-related gonalgia because the lesions produce the most severe effects on exposure to the knee bone.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate functional outcomes in postoperative period in patients with displaced transverse fracture of the patella treated with anterior tension band and double knot fixation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multicentric case series: Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery Hospitals "Lomas Verdes" and "Magdalena de las Salinas" of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). PATIENTS: eighteen patients with displaced transverse fracture of the patella, treated with open reduction and fixation with 1.2 mm ASIF wire in a parallel transpatellar and anterior tension band with a double knot disposition. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Flexion, knee function, visual analogous scale (VAS) for pain, surgical procedure time, and consolidation. RESULTS: Male 13 (68.4%); female 5 (26.3%); surgical procedure time 63.2 +/- 11.2 minutes; age 38.2 +/- 12.8; body mass index (BMI) 15.6 +/- 3.8; height 163 cm +/- 12.2; flexion at 4 weeks follow-up 6.3 +/- 0.9, at 8 weeks follow-up 91.5 +/- 13.2 and at 24 months follow-up 101.1 +/- 12.2; VAS for pain at 4 weeks follow-up 6.3 +/- 0.9, vs. pain at 8 weeks follow-up 3.5 +/- 1.2 (p < 0001); IKDC at 8 weeks follow-up 71.3 +/- 6, at 12 months follow-up 76.7 +/- 5.2, vs. IKDC at 24 months follow-up 84.9 +/- 7.7 (p<0.05). Fracture consolidation was accomplished at 12 weeks in 94%, and 1 patient presented infection (6%). CONCLUSIONS: We accomplished satisfactory functional outcomes in patients with transverse patellar fractures using this technique.

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Objetivo: evaluar el efecto clínico-funcional de la hidrodisección del paratendón en el periodo posoperatorio de pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior, para lo cual se midió funcionalidad de la rodilla, dolor, extensión y flexión. Material y métodos: estudio clínico no controlado realizado en el Hospital de Ortopedia “Victorio de la Fuente Narváez”, Unidad de Medicina de Alta Especialidad “Magdalena de las Salinas”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en el que se incluyeron pacientes en quienes se efectuó injerto hueso-tendón-hueso, 22 con hidrodisección del paratendón y 23 sin hidrodisección. Resultados: el grupo con hidrodisección estuvo integrado por 20 hombre y dos mujeres, y el grupo sin hidrodisección, por 22 hombres y una mujer (p = 0.581); edad de 29 ± 4.6 años vs. 26 ± 6.2 años (0.946); peso de 68 ± 8.8 kg vs. 72 ± 6.2 kg; (p = 0.190); altura de 160 ± 4.8 cm vs. 162 ± 7.5 cm; (p = 0.909); lado afectado, derecho 5 vs. 5, izquierdo 17 vs. 18 (p = 0.937); puntuación en la Escala de Valoración de la Sociedad de Rodilla, 84 ± 4 vs. 70 ± 8; evaluación del dolor mediante EVA a los 10 días, 3.7 ± 1.6 vs. 6.2 ± 1.4; y a las cuatro semanas, 1.3 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001); flexión 95 ± 6.7 grados vs. 86 ± 6.1 grados (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: en el periodo posoperatorio mediato (10 días y cuatro semanas), con la hidrodisección disminuyó el dolor y aumentaron los rangos de movilidad; la rehabilitación de inicio se lleva cabo con menor dificultad.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to evaluate the clinical and functional effect of hydrodissetion of the paratendon in the postoperative period of patients submitted to surgery of reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: A non-controlled clinical study was conducted at the Unidad de Alta Especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología [quot ]Magdalena de las Salinas,[quot ] Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City. Twenty two patients and 23 controls were included. Surgical intervention consisted of a bone-tendon-bone technique with hydrodissection and without hydrodissection of the paratendon. RESULTS: The following results were obtained: functionality of the knee, pain, extension and flexion. Male: 20 vs. 22; female: 2 vs. 1 (p = 0.581), age: 29 +/- 4.6 years vs. 26 +/- 6.2 (0.946); weight: 68 +/- 8.8 vs. 72 +/- 6.2 (p = 0.190); height: 1.60 m +/- 4.8 vs. 1.62 m +/- 7.5 (p =0.909). Side: right: 5 vs. 5; left: 17 vs. 18 (p = 0.937). Evaluation scale of Knee Index: 84 +/- 4 vs. 70 +/- 8; pain: 10 days: 3.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 6.2 +/- 1.4, 4 weeks: 1.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 4.1 +/- 2.1 (p <0.001) flexion: 95 +/- 6.7 degrees vs. 86 +/- 6.1 degrees (p <0.001) group of hydrodissection vs. no hydrodissection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the immediate postoperative period (4 weeks), pain is diminished and range of mobility increases as a result of the decrease of pain.

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BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to evaluate the clinical and functional effect of hydrodissetion of the paratendon in the postoperative period of patients submitted to surgery of reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: A non-controlled clinical study was conducted at the Unidad de Alta Especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología "Magdalena de las Salinas," Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City. Twenty two patients and 23 controls were included. Surgical intervention consisted of a bone-tendon-bone technique with hydrodissection and without hydrodissection of the paratendon. RESULTS: The following results were obtained: functionality of the knee, pain, extension and flexion. Male: 20 vs. 22; female: 2 vs. 1 (p = 0.581), age: 29 +/- 4.6 years vs. 26 +/- 6.2 (0.946); weight: 68 +/- 8.8 vs. 72 +/- 6.2 (p = 0.190); height: 1.60 m +/- 4.8 vs. 1.62 m +/- 7.5 (p =0.909). Side: right: 5 vs. 5; left: 17 vs. 18 (p = 0.937). Evaluation scale of Knee Index: 84 +/- 4 vs. 70 +/- 8; pain: 10 days: 3.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 6.2 +/- 1.4, 4 weeks: 1.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 4.1 +/- 2.1 (p <0.001) flexion: 95 +/- 6.7 degrees vs. 86 +/- 6.1 degrees (p <0.001) group of hydrodissection vs. no hydrodissection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the immediate postoperative period (4 weeks), pain is diminished and range of mobility increases as a result of the decrease of pain.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify specific fractures risks of the following bones: distal femur, patella and tibia plateau, according to sex and age, with special interest in women >or= 50 y.o. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An epidemiologic case-control study was done between January 2002 and December 2005. The incidence rate for fractures were got by year, sex and age. The group exposed to the risk factors, was represented by female patients >or=50 y.o. The cases with fracture's worst prognosis were: distal femur (supracondylar, supraintercondylar or condylar), tibial plateau (Schatzker IV-VI); the control group was made with patients which fractures were in: proximal femur (Subtrocantheric, diaphysis), tibial plateau (Schatzker I-III). Descriptive and inferential analysis were done separately and together. RESULTS: 1578 Patients were studied. Incidence of fractures in the studied regions was of 5.9 per 10 000 persons/year (py), being of 5.7 and 4.9 per 10,000 py for men and women, respectively (p < 0.001). In subjects with age >or=50 y.o. the incidence rate was of 10.5 and 6.6 per 10 000 py for men and women, respectively. In the study patients less than 50 y.o. the incidence rate was of 1.6 per 10 000 py for both sexes (p < 0.001). The women >or=50 y.o. presented an OR of 5.1 (95% CI: 2.7-9.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study sample, the risk of fracture of the femur and the knee was greater in men than in women. In the >or= 50 y.o. age group, the ratio was inverted, with special interest in distal femur fractures. According to sex and age, no differences were identified in tibia plateau fractures.

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