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BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of broad-spectrum infections both in the community and within healthcare settings. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global public health issue. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and to define the population structure and distribution of major MRSA clones isolated in a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico. RESULTS: From April 2017 to April 2018, 191 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected. The frequency of MRSA was 26.7%; these strains exhibited resistance to clindamycin (84.3%), erythromycin (86.2%), levofloxacin (80.3%), and ciprofloxacin (86.3%). The majority of MRSA strains harbored the SCCmec type II (76.4%) and t895 (56.8%) and t9364 (11.7%) were the most common spa types in both hospital-associated MRSA and community-associated MRSA isolates. ST5-MRSA-II-t895 (New York /Japan clone) and ST1011-MRSA-II-t9364 (New York /Japan-Mexican Variant clone) were the most frequently identified clones. Furthermore, different lineages of Clonal Complexes 5 (85.4%) and 8 (8.3%) were predominantly identified in this study. CONCLUSION: Our study provides valuable information about the epidemiology of MRSA in a city of the central region of Mexico, and this is the first report on the association between t895 and t9364 spa types and ST5 and ST1011 lineages, respectively. These findings support the importance of permanent surveillance of MRSA aimed to detect the evolutionary changes of the endemic clones and the emergence of new strains.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/clasificación , Tipificación Molecular/métodos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , México/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We report the complete genome sequence of the first Mexican human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, obtained by new-generation sequencing and a metagenomic approach, isolated from a child hospitalized with pneumonia. The genome is closely related to the other OC43 genome sequences available, ranging from 99.8% to 98.2% nucleotide sequence identity.
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Expansion of a natural killer (NK) cell population that expresses NKG2C has been associated with cytomegalovirus and other viral infections. It has been suggested that this cell population may play a role in infection control. Deletion of the NKG2C gene (homozygous or heterozygous) has been reported with high prevalence in European and Asian populations. However, the effect of NKG2C genotype on NK cell responses to infection remains poorly defined. We determined the prevalence of the NKG2C deletion in a Mexican population (n = 300) and in a group of patients (n = 131) to assess whether NKG2C genotype affects the incidence of symptomatic viral infections caused by influenza or respiratory syncytial virus. The frequency of the NKG2C deletion haplotype in Mexican mestizos was significantly lower (10.3%) than that reported in other populations (17.5-21.9%). No difference in the prevalence of NKG2C deletion was observed in subjects with viral infections compared with the reference population. In addition, no differences in clinical characteristics and infection outcome were observed between patients with and without the NKG2C gene deletion. Our results indicate that copy number variation in the NKG2C gene has no impact on the severity of respiratory viral infections.
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Subfamília C de Receptores Similares a Lectina de Células NK/genética , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/genética , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Eliminación de Secuencia , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/genética , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Genotipo , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/genética , Gripe Humana/virología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/fisiología , Masculino , México , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/genética , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/inmunología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To compare recurrence rate, complications, and biomicroscopical findings after conjunctival autograft pterygium surgery with the use of a fibrin glue (Tissucol Duo, Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria) or suture (7-0 silk). METHODS: Patients with nasal pterygium were included in two groups of conjunctival autograft surgery. In 9 of them the graft was sutured to the surrounding conjunctiva and in 8 of them the graft was fixed to the conjunctiva using fibrin glue. RESULTS: 17 patients (17 eyes) 41.2% women and 58.8% men were surgically treated. Mean patient age was 59.8 years. Five of the patients presented recurrence for simple excision and 12 presented primary pterygium. The extent of corneal invasion was 2 to 4 mm. In the suture group, 33.3% of the patients experienced pain after surgery compared to none in the fibrin glue group. In the suture group, 44.4% of the patients presented inflammation after surgery compared to none in the glue group. One patient from the glue group lost the graft and presented a recurrence one month later. CONCLUSIONS: The use of fibrin glue in pterygium surgery reduces patient symptoms, inflammation and discomfort. The rate of recurrence seems to be similar in both procedures.
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Conjuntiva/trasplante , Adhesivo de Tejido de Fibrina , Pterigion/cirugía , Técnicas de Sutura , Adhesivos Tisulares , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Conjuntivitis/etiología , Conjuntivitis/prevención & control , Femenino , Rechazo de Injerto , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Recurrencia , Trasplante AutólogoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The evaluation of the trans-scleral sutureless vitrectomy (TSV) efficiency using a 25G system as an alternative in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) treatment. METHODS: Patients treated for RRD with TSV have been reviewed taking into account their age, phakic or pseudophakic state, RRD localization and extension, surgical technique and post-operative resolution. RESULTS: Twenty two eyes of 22 patients have been treated for RRD with TSV. The average age was 54.3 years. 50% of the eyes were phakic. Eight of the detachments were "macula-off" at the time of diagnosis. SF6 was used in 5 cases and air in the remainder. Retinopexia of the breaks was done with trans-scleral cryocoagulation in 13 cases, with laser endophotocoagulation in 6 cases, and with both methods in 3 cases. The average follow-up time was 6.8 months, and the main complications were cataracts in 7 of 11 phakic eyes (63.6%) and a new retinal detachment in 4 eyes (18.2%). The intraocular pressures were similar to those before surgery and in 18 cases (81.8%) the visual acuity was better. CONCLUSION: TSV is effective in the treatment of RRD but with some limitations like the need for a learning period and a high incidence of cataracts.
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Desprendimiento de Retina/cirugía , Perforaciones de la Retina/cirugía , Vitrectomía/instrumentación , Adulto , Anciano , Catarata/epidemiología , Catarata/etiología , Criocirugía/instrumentación , Criocirugía/métodos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Coagulación con Láser/instrumentación , Coagulación con Láser/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Recurrencia , Desprendimiento de Retina/etiología , Perforaciones de la Retina/complicaciones , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vitrectomía/métodosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Metastasis of primary tumours can involve the orbit via the blood stream. In 19% of cases this type of metastasis is the first oncologic symptom. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old woman with a hard, well-defined nodule situated anteriorly in the right orbit and with mild associated inflammation. MR showed an oval image with homogeneous gadolinium uptake. On excision-biopsy a ductal cancer was found and determined on CAT scan to be of pulmonary origin. Chemotherapy was given and no recurrence occurred in the orbit. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmologic examination was the first step in the diagnosis of a metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Orbitales/secundario , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adulto , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Biopsia , Cisplatino/administración & dosificación , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , Desoxicitidina/administración & dosificación , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Gadolinio , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Órbita/patología , Neoplasias Orbitales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Orbitales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Orbitales/patología , Radiografía Torácica , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del Tratamiento , GemcitabinaRESUMEN
A complex discrimination procedure was used to test class formation with multi-component figures in college students. First, selections of a red-+45 degrees -oriented rectangle (A1B1) instead of a red -45 degrees -oriented rectangle (A1B2) and of a green -45 degrees -oriented rectangle (A2B2) instead of a green-+45 degrees -oriented rectangle (A2B1), were reinforced. Second, selections of a +45 degrees -obtuse-angle-white hexagon (B1C1), instead of a +45 degrees -two-acute-angle hexagon (B1C2) and of a -45 degrees -two-acute-angle hexagon (B2C2), instead of a -45 degrees -obtuse-angle hexagon (B2C1), were reinforced. Subsequent tests with figures A1B1 and A2B1, A2B2 and A1B2, B1C1 and B2C1, and B2C2 and B1C2 demonstrated selection of the same figures as in training. Other tests with a novel figure compounded by color A1 and form C1 and a novel figure compounded by color A1 and form C2, or a novel figure compounded by A2 and C1 and a novel figure compounded by A2 and C2 demonstrated consistent selection of figures A1C1 and A2C2. A final test with figures A1C1 and A2C1, or with figures A2C2 and A1C2 also showed consistent selections of the same figures -A1C1 and A2C2. The resulting classification among selected and non-selected figures cannot be based on particular properties of the selected figures, or in a combination of a particular set of those properties, because both selected and non-selected figures were compounded by identical values. Instead, the participants selected the figures with two values of the same set (A1,B1, or C1, or A2,B2 or C2). Thus, these results demonstrated categorization based on the relations among the values of the figures. Therefore, these results have important implications for the study of concept formation.
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BACKGROUND: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes hydrolytic and irreversible deamination of deoxyadenosine into deoxyinosine and of adenosine into inosine, and is related to lymphocytic proliferation and differentiation. The measurement of ADA activity in body fluids is a useful tool in the evaluation of mycobacterial infections. Elevated ADA activity has been found in pleural effusions of patients with pleural tuberculosis relative to those from patients with nontuberculous pleural diseases, and is mainly associated with cellular host factors such as monocyte-macrophages or lymphocytes. In contrast, there is little information about ADA activity measurement in mycobacteria culture supernatants. METHODS: We evaluated ADA activity as described by Giusti in the culture supernatants of eight Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. RESULTS: Mycobacteria culture supernatants did not display any ADA activity. CONCLUSIONS: This result supports the notion that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not the source of ADA activity. However, increased ADA activity in biological fluids from tuberculosis patients might be due to the interaction of the mycobacterium with host factors.
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Adenosina Desaminasa/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimología , Medios de Cultivo , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Four adults were trained, using instructions and a matching-to-sample procedure, to select Stimulus B1 in the presence of Stimulus A1, B2 in the presence of A2, and B3 in the presence of A3 (the AB relations). Analogous PQ relations were trained. Afterwards, one stimulus in Set A and another stimulus in Set B appeared together as a sample, and novel Stimuli X1 and X2 were the comparisons. Responses to X1 were reinforced if the two stimuli in the sample had been related in the previous training (e.g., A1 and B1), and responses to X2 were reinforced if the two samples had not been related (e.g., A1 and B2). These were the ABX relations. In a test in which a stimulus of Set P and another of Set Q were the samples and X1 and X2 were the comparisons, 2 subjects selected X1 when the samples were P1 and Q1, P2 and Q2, and P3 and Q3, and selected X2 in the presence of the other six sample combinations (P1Q2, P1Q3, P2Q1, P2Q3, P3Q1, and P3Q2). Another subject showed the same responding after additional training. In the second experiment, 3 adults and an 11-year-old child were trained on AB, PQ, and ABX relations, and they showed the symmetrical relations BA and QP upon testing. Then all 4 of these subjects responded accurately to the PQX test. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed novel, consistent comparison selection based on the previously established relation between the two stimuli in the sample. In a third experiment, 3 of the subjects who had shown PQX relations were trained on EFX relations, with pairs of E and F stimuli as samples and X stimuli as comparisons. When the EF relations were tested, all 3 subjects consistently selected F1 in the presence of E1, F2 in the presence of E2, and F3 in the presence of E3 from the first trial. The results of Experiment 3 showed novel stimulus relations after training with a more complex conditional discrimination format.
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Condicionamiento Psicológico , Aprendizaje Discriminativo , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Conducta VerbalRESUMEN
A description is made of a leptospirosis outbreak in children who bathed in the Cimarron Channel in Morón. Ciego de Avila. The outbreak started on September 25 and ended on October 20, 1986. Six cases were reported, of which four had meningoencephalic appearance. Ages ranged from 8 to 13 years. Fever, cephalalgia, arthralgia and myalgia were the most common signs and symptoms in the confirmed cases. All the patients were positive to Canicola serogroup. The results of a survey on 12 dogs in the zone surrounding the Cimarron Channel suggest that they were the reservoir which contaminated the Channel waters.