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During pregnancy, apoptosis is a physiological event critical in the remodeling and aging of the placenta. Increasing evidence has pointed toward the relevance of hypoxia as modulator of trophoblast cell death. Previous reports have shown that leptin, a placental cytokine, promotes cell survival in both cell culture and placental explant models. The aim of this work is to establish the role of leptin in apoptosis under hypoxic condition in trophoblast cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of cobalt chloride, a hypoxia mimicking agent that stabilizes the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, on Swan-71 and human placental explants. Hypoxia chamber was also used to generate 2% oxygen. Apoptosis was determined by the presence of apoptotic nucleus, fragmentation of DNA and Caspase-3 and PARP-1 cleavage. The pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, BID, BAD, and BAK and the anti-apoptotic effectors BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, and myeloid cell leukemia-1 were also analyzed. We found that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha stabilization increased the appearance of apoptotic nucleus, fragmentation of DNA, and Caspase-3 and PARP-1 cleavage. Hypoxia mimicking conditions enhanced the expression of pro-apoptotic effectors BAX, BID, BAD, and BAK. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha stabilization also downregulated the level of BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, and myeloid cell leukemia-1. All these apoptotic parameters changes were reversed with leptin treatment. Moreover, we showed that leptin action on apoptosis modulation involves PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. Obtained data demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha stabilization induces apoptosis in human placenta and leptin counteracts this effect, reinforcing its role as a survival cytokine.

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Histone post-translational modifications are extensively studied for their role in regulating gene transcription and cellular environmental adaptation. Research into these modifications has recently begun in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, focusing on histone-modifying enzymes and specific post-translational changes. In the transformation from the trophozoite to the cyst form in the life cycle of this parasite, significant morphological and genetic alterations occur, culminating in the synthesis of cyst wall proteins responsible for forming the protective cyst wall. It has been previously demonstrated that histone deacetylation is required during encystation and that the enzyme lysine methyltransferase 1 is involved in the upregulation of encystation. Our study aims to extend the analysis to lysine methyltransferase 2 (GlKMT2) function. For this, two constructs were generated: one that downregulate the expression of GLKMT2 via antisense (glkmt2-as transgenic cells) and the other overexpressing GlKMT2 (glkmt2-ha transgenic cells). We found that the glktm2-as transgenic cells showed an arrest in progress at the late encystation stage. Consequently, the number of cysts produced was lower than that of the control cells. On the other hand, we found that the overexpression of GlKMT2 acts as a negative mutant of the enzyme. In this way, these glktm2-ha transgenic cells showed the same behavior during growth and encystation as glkmt2-as transgenic cells. This interplay between different enzymes acting during encystation reveals the complex process behind the differentiation of the parasite. Understanding how these enzymes play their role during the encystation of the parasite would allow the design of inhibitors to control the parasite.

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O objetivo deste relato de experiência foi integrar os componentes curriculares Escultura Dental e Prótese Parcial Removível por meio da confecção de macromodelos com nichos em dentes anteriores e posteriores a serem usados como material didático auxiliar.A metodologia teve abordagem descritiva. Foram confeccionados macromodelos em cera dos seguintes elementos dentários: caninos superiores e inferiores, pré-molar superior e molares superiores e inferiores. Em seguida, nichos foram preparados nos elementos,reproduzindo as características da etapa de Preparo de Boca Tipo II ou Protético. Macromodelos com as características individuais de nichos oclusais simples e duplo (interdental) em dentes posteriores foram obtidos, bem como com nichos em cíngulos, tanto confecionados por desgaste como por acréscimo. Diante do conhecimento da anatomia dental e a habilidade manual desenvolvidos na Escultura Dental, os macromodelos confeccionados permitiram uma melhor visualização das características morfológicas dos nichos,sendo considerado um recurso complementar no processo ensino-aprendizagem em Prótese Parcial Removível (AU).

El objetivo de este relato de experiencia fue integrar los componentes curriculares Escultura Dental y Prótesis Parcial Removible mediante la creación de macromodelos con nichos en dientes anteriores y posteriores para ser utilizados como material didáctico auxiliar. La metodología tuvo un enfoque descriptivo. Se realizaron macromodelos en cera de los siguientes dientes: caninos superiores e inferiores, premolares superiores y molares superiores e inferiores. A continuación, se prepararon nichos en los elementos, reproduciendo las características de la etapa de Preparación de la Boca Tipo II o Prótesis. Se obtuvieron macromodelos con las características individuales de nichos oclusales simples y dobles (interdentales) en dientes posteriores, así comonichos en cingulados, ambos creados por desgaste y adición. Dado el conocimiento de la anatomía dental y la habilidad manual desarrollada en la Escultura Dental, los macromodelos realizados permitieron una mejor visualización de las características morfológicas de los nichos, considerándose un recurso complementario en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en Prótesis Parcial Removible (AU).

The objective of this experience report was to integrate the curricular components of Dental Sculpture and Removable Partial Dentures through the creation of macromodels with rest seat in anterior and posterior teeth to be used as auxiliary teaching material. The methodology had a descriptive approach. Wax macromodels were made of the following teeth: upper and lower canines, upper premolar and upper and lower molars. Next, rest seats were prepared in the elements, reproducing the characteristics of the Type II or Prosthetic Mouth Preparation stage. Macromodels with the individual characteristics of single and double (interdental) occlusal rest seats in posterior teeth were obtained, as well as rest seats in cingulum, both created by wear and with composites. Given the knowledge of dental anatomy and the manual skill developed in Dental Sculpture, the macromodels made enabled better visualization of the morphological characteristics of the rest seats, being considered a complementary resource in the teaching-learning process in Removable Partial Prosthesis (AU).

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O uso da metodologia ativa no ensino da Odontologia é recomendado nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, com a finalidade de desenvolver habilidades e competências, assim como de estimular a capacidade reflexiva dos egressos. Em Prótese Parcial Removível (PPR), alguns estudos apontam os benefícios do método centrado no aluno, utilizando diferentes estratégias, como Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Case-Based Learning (CBL) e Team-Based Learning (TBL) com resultados positivos no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência do uso de metodologias ativas como o CBL, a Sala de Aula Invertida e a estratégia do Brainstorming na disciplina de Prótese Parcial Removível da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, estimulando o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico do aluno no planejamento de arcos parcialmente desdentados desde a fase pré-clínica. Como produto dessa mudança na estratégia pedagógica, desenvolveram-se materiais instrucionais como um checklist de perguntas e um fluxograma que foram implementados como ferramentas facilitadoras no processo ensino-aprendizagem durante as práticas de laboratório. A adaptação de estratégias de ensino com participação ativa dos estudantes pode ser útil na verificação das dificuldades durante o planejamento, as quais podem ser solucionadas previamente aos atendimentos de pacientes nas clínicas. Os materiais instrucionais desenvolvidos na disciplina podem auxiliar os professores de Odontologia a refletir sobre diferentes formas de metodologias no ensino da PPR e inserir o aluno no processo de construção do seu conhecimento (AU).

Active methodologies in dental education have been highly recommended by the National Curricular Guidelines in developing students' abilities and competency, and directly impact on the reflective capacity of new professionals. Some studies on Removable Partial Dentures (RPD) have pointed out benefits of the student- centered method by using different strategies such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Case- Based Learning (CBL) and Team-Based Learning (TBL), with positive results in the teaching and learning processes. This article aims to report the experience of using active methodologies such as CBL, Inverted Classroom and Brainstorming techniques as a strategy in the RPD Preclinical Course of the Federal University of Paraíba, focusing on the development of students' critical thinking for planning partial edentulous arches. As a result of this change, instructional materials such as a checklist of questions and a flowchart were developed and have started to be implemented as important tools during the laboratory classes. Adapting teaching strategies with the active participation of students can be a valuable tool to verify difficulties during prosthesis planning. As a result, it can improve self-confidence in determining the mechanical components prior to clinical care. The instructional materials developed can help professors to reflect on different forms of methodologies in RPD teaching and insert students in their own knowledge construction (AU).

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Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre tempo de uso da prótese, idade do paciente, grau de instrução dos pacientes e qualidade observada da higiene das próteses totais com a presença de estomatite protética. Material e método: Foi aplicado questionário para levantamento dos dados. A presença de biofilme na superfície interna das próteses totais superiores foi inspecionada visualmente. O exame clínico da região palatina nos pacientes foi realizado para avaliar a presença de estomatite protética. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes de Correlação de Spearman (tempo de uso da prótese e idade do paciente x estomatite protética), U de Mann-Whitney (gênero e frequência de escovação x inflamação da mucosa; uso contínuo da prótese e instruções do cirurgião-dentista x presença de estomatite protética; instrução do cirurgião-dentista x necessidade de consultas periódicas) e Tau-B de Kendall (higiene da superfície interna da prótese x estomatite protética). Todas as análises foram feitas considerando- se α=5%. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes não tira a prótese para dormir (91,10%) e relata higienizar esta três vezes ao dia (44,40%). Porém, a higiene das próteses foi considerada precária (53,30%). Nenhum dos fatores investigados relacionados aos relatos dos pacientes influenciou na presença/severidade da estomatite (p>0,05). Entretanto, a higiene observada internamente nas próteses foi inversamente proporcional à presença/severidade da estomatite (p<0,001). Conclusões: Não foi observada correlação entre idade, tempo de uso da prótese, grau de instrução dos pacientes e estomatite protética. Porém, a qualidade observada da higiene das próteses foi considerada precária, estando negativamente relacionada com a prevalência da estomatite protética.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between patients denture using time, age, degree of instruction and observed quality of complete dentures with the prevalence of denture stomatitis. Material and method: It was applied a questionnaire to data collection. The biofilm in the inner surface of superior dentures were accessed visually. A clinical examination of the palatal area of the patients was performed to classify the presence of denture stomatitis. Data were analyzed by the following tests: Spearman correlation (time of prosthesis usage and patient age x denture stomatitis), Mann-Whitney U (patient gender and prosthesis hygiene x mucosal inflammation; continuous usage of prosthesis and dentist instructions x denture stomatitis; dentist instructions x periodic consult needs) and Kendall Tau-B (hygiene of internal surface of prosthesis x denture stomatitis). All analyses were done considering α=5%. Results: Most patients relate to do not remove the dentures before sleeping (91.10%) and to clean up them three times a day (44.40%), however, the overall hygiene of the dentures was considered poor (53.30%). None of the factors related to patients relates influences stomatitis presence/severity (p>0.05). However, it was found an inverse correlation between the denture surface hygiene and denture stomatitis (p<0.001). Conclusion: It was not found any correlation among patients age, denture using time and degree of instruction with denture stomatitis. However, the overall hygiene of the dentures investigated, which was considered to be poor, were negatively correlated with the denture stomatitis prevalence.

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AIMS: The effect of reinforcement and cyclic loading on the resistance to impact (RI) of denture base biopolymer materials was evaluated using Charpy (C) and falling-weight (FW) impact tests. METHODS: Bar-shaped (60×6×2mm(3)) and denture-shaped specimens (2mm) for the C and FD tests, respectively, were prepared with Lucitone 550 (L) and Vipi Wave (V) and relined (2mm) using the same material or the autopolymerizing relining resins Tokuyama Rebase II (T) and Ufi Gel Hard (U). Bulk specimens (60×6×4mm(3)) of all materials (L, V, T and U) were also prepared and tested. To evaluate the effect of reinforcement, glass flakes were added to the powder of the relining resins T and U (5% by weight). Half of bar-shaped (n=320) and half of the denture-shaped specimens (n=480) were subjected to cyclic loading (10,000 cycles) before the impact tests. RESULTS: Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVAs (α=0.05) and revealed that the RI of L and V were comparable and higher than those of U and T. Compared to L and V, the RI was increased by relining with T and decreased by relining with U. When relining was made using the same material (L and V) the RI was maintained. Flexural cyclic loading and the incorporation of glass flakes into the resins T and U did not cause any significant alteration in the RI. A high correlation between results from C and FW tests was observed (r=0.8854). CONCLUSION: Relining may exert effects on the RI of L and V denture base resins, which vary according to the relining material used. The high correlation between C and FW, suggests that the Charpy test, using bar-shaped specimens, can be a simple and reliable method for evaluating factors that may influence the RI of denture base polymers.

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Despite requiring dental crown preparation and possible root canal treatment, besides the difficulty of clinical and laboratory repairs, and financial burden, the association between fixed (FPD) and removable partial dentures (RPD) by means of attachments is an important alternative for oral rehabilitation, particularly when the use of dental implants and FPDs is limited or not indicated. Among the advantages of attachment-retained RPDs are the improvements in esthetics and biomechanics, as well as correction of the buccal arrangement of anterior teeth in Kennedy Class III partially edentulous arches. This article describes the treatment sequence and technique for the use of attachments in therapy combining FPD/RPD.

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OBJECTIVE: In this study, the effect of relining and surface treatment on the impact strength (IS) of a heat-polymerising denture base acrylic resin (Lucitone 550-L) was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular bars of L were made (60 x 6 x 2 mm) and relined (2 mm) with the relining resins Ufi Gel Hard (UH) and Tokuso Rebase Fast (TR). Specimens relined with L and intact L, TR and UH specimens were also made (60 x 6 x 4 mm), for comparison. Before relining, the L surface was left untreated or wetted with methyl methacrylate monomer and/or the bonding agents (BA) supplied by manufacturers of the reline resins. V-notches were machined at the midpoint of the length of all specimens. The notches were made either across the width (Nw) or across the thickness of the specimens (Nth). The Charpy impact test was performed using a 0.5-J pendulum, which had been specially designed and constructed. Data were analysed separately for each notch position using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference post-hoc test (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The IS of L was similar to that of L/L. For the Nw notch, treating the denture base L with TR BA and relining with TR reline material produced the highest IS. CONCLUSION: The IS of specimens made from heat polymerising acrylic resin Lucitone 550 was increased after relining using the hard chairside reline resin TR with its proprietary BA.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Microwave irradiation and immersion in chemical solutions have been recommended for denture disinfection. However, the effect of these procedures on the surface characteristics of denture base and reline resins has not been completely evaluated. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of microwave and chemical disinfection on the Vickers hardness (VHN) and surface roughness (Ra, microm) of 2 hard chairside reline resins (Kooliner, DuraLiner II), and 1 heat-polymerizing denture base resin (Lucitone 550). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens (12 x 12 x 3 mm) were divided into 2 control and 4 test groups (n=8). Hardness and roughness measurements were performed after: polymerization and immersion in water (37 degrees C) for 7 days (controls), or repeated exposure to disinfection by immersion in sodium perborate (50 degrees C/10 min) or microwave irradiation (650 W/6 min). Measurements of surface roughness (Ra, microm) and hardness (kg/mm(2)) were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Microwave and chemical disinfection increased the mean (SD) hardness of Kooliner (from 4.1 to 7.5 kg/mm(2)) and DuraLiner II (from 2.6 to 5.6 kg/mm(2)), whereas Lucitone 550 (14.4 kg/mm(2)) remained unaffected. Disinfection by immersion in sodium perborate increased the surface roughness of DuraLiner II (from 0.13 to 0.26 microm) and Kooliner (from 0.16 to 0.26 microm), regardless of the number of cycles. For Lucitone 550, an increase in roughness was observed after 2 cycles of chemical disinfection (from 0.12 to 0.26 microm). Two cycles of microwave disinfection increased the roughness of both reline resins (DuraLiner II: from 0.13 to 0.22 microm; Kooliner: from 0.16 to 0.24 microm), whereas repeated microwave disinfection increased the roughness of DuraLiner II (from 0.11 to 0.25 microm). CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection by immersion in sodium perborate or microwave irradiation did not adversely affect the hardness of all materials evaluated. The effect of both disinfection methods on the roughness varied among materials.

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The aim of this investigation was to accomplish an overview about the principles of the indication and of the success parameters involving immediate and delayed loading dental implants procedures. Studies about the philosophies (immediate and delayed loading dental implants) and their clinical indications will be discussed in order to overview the rules for the clinical success in both techniques. In addition, studies regarding the criteria for immediate loading implants as primary stabilization, surface treatments and bone density and amount will be also analyzed. More important than the philosophy selection, is how and when to use it according to biomechanical rules and principles. Among the vast limitations pointed by the literature regarding procedures of immediate and delayed loading are evidenced the parafunctional habits, primary stabilization, bone quality, surface treatments and the number of dental implants. The anterior region of the jaw seems to be associated with a major percentage of satisfactory results, regardless of rehabilitation procedures. Although several studies have demonstrated high success rates for the immediate loading dental implants, several aspects remain without an explicit definition and further studies are needed to elucidate some reservations.

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Um grande número de trabalhos clássicos tem sido utilizado desde o início do século XIX como base para a prática de moldagem em prótese total. O presente artigo constitui-se numa revisão de literatura científica sobre os conceitos, definições, indicações e filosofias de moldagem em prótese total. Os objetivos de cada uma das filosofias descritas na literatura e a indicação de diversos materiais para moldagem são discutidos, buscando demonstrar ao clínico métodos de moldagem relativamente simples. Observou-se que os materiais de moldagem atualmente disponíveis no mercado odontológico atendem plenamente às necessidades clínicas, devendo sua escolha se basear nas características do caso a ser executado e na preferência individual de utilização dos profissionais. Mais importante do que a seleção de um determinado material de moldagem é saber como e quando empregá-lo, de acordo com a preferência e habilidade de cada profissional

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Intraoral contact allergy reactions are clinically poorly differentiated and understood, and are not very commonly described in the specialized literature. Although such reactions appear to be scantly relevant, evidence suggests that they may be more frequent than previously believed. No single or specific clinical picture of intraoral contact allergy exists, though lichenoid reactions appear to be the most common manifestations. Epicutaneous patch testing, together with the clinical manifestations, constitute the most widely used diagnostic approach in such situations. Metals used in dental practice--particularly amalgams and gold--are the most commonly reported causes of intraoral allergic reactions, though hypersensitivity to resins is increasingly mentioned in the literature, as a consequence of their increasingly widespread use. The systematic intraoral elimination or substitution of materials inducing cutaneous hypersensitivity has recently been questioned, while on the other hand it not possible to discard an allergic component in some nonspecific stomatological disorders. The present study offers clinicians an evidence-based update of current knowledge in this field.

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Objetivo: interpretar la orientación actual de la profesión dental en España, a partir de los datos aportados por la oferta de formación postgraduada. Material y método: se han clasificado las 529 ofertas formativas que aparecieron en 3 números consecutivos de las revistas Gaceta Dental (3 meses) y Maxillaris (3 meses) entre septiembre de 2002 y febrero de 2003, según su tema, duración y organizador. También se analizaron los libros de formación continuada editados por el Consejo General de Colegios de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos de España, correspondientes a los años 2002 y 2003 (en total 203 entradas). Resultados: el 27,5 por ciento de los cursos ofertados eran de contenido implantológico. Le siguen en frecuencia aquellos relativos a ortodoncia (17,6 por ciento) y periodoncia (6,1 por ciento). La gran mayoría de la oferta (68,5 por ciento) estaba organizada por iniciativa privada. El 43,3 por ciento de las actividades que se ofertaron eran de corta duración, el 27,8 por ciento de duración intermedida y el 27,8 por ciento tenían una duración prevista mayor de 60 horas lectivas. De los cursos propuestos por los Colegios Oficiales de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos y por su Consejo General, el 70,5 por ciento tienen una orientación marcadamente técnica o tecnológica (AU)

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Las reacciones alérgicas de contacto intraoral son entidades clínicas pobremente diferenciadas y entendidas y que no se describen con demasiada frecuencia en la literatura especializada. Aunque parecen ser poco prevalentes, existen datos que sugieren que pudiesen ser mas frecuentes de lo que se pensaba. No existe un cuadro clínico único ni específico del proceso, si bien las reacciones liquenoides parecen ser la manifestación más habitual. El test del parche epicutaneo es la prueba, juntamente con la clínica, mas utilizada para el diagnóstico del proceso. Los materiales metálicos de uso odontoestomatológico, especialmente las amalgamas y el oro, son los que más se relatan como causantes de reacciones alergias intraorales, aunque cada vez se describen más casos de hipersensibilidad a las resinas, fruto de la univesalización de su uso. Recientemente se empieza a cuestionar la eliminación o sustitución intraoral sistemática de sustancias a las que existe hipersensibilidad cutánea y, del mismo modo, tampoco se puede descartar un componente alérgico en algunos cuadros clínicos estomatológicos inespecíficos. Pretendemos hacer una puesta al día para los clínicos, basada en la evidencia, del estado del conocimiento en esta materia (AU)

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Introducción: La prevalencia de cáncer oral continúa en aumento en los países occidentales. Una de las mejores armas para combatirlo es su diagnóstico precoz y el estudio y control de las lesiones precancerosas. El cáncer oral, como la mayoría de los cánceres, está relacionado con el envejecimiento, hecho este último de gran trascendencia tanto en España como en los países de nuestro entorno. Objetivo: Estudio de las lesiones precancerosas en la población geriátrica, con especial referencia a la situación en España. Pacientes y método: Estudio epidemiológico de una muestra de 3282 ancianos representativa de la población geriátrica institucionalizada española. Se siguieron los criterios diagnósticos y de diseño epidemiológico de la OMS. Resultados: La prevalencia de leucoplasias fue de 2,8 por ciento, la de liquen plano oral de 1,1 por ciento y la de eritroplasia de 0,4 por ciento. No encontramos relación estadísticamente significativa entre la prevalencia de estas lesiones precancerosas y el sexo, ni con el grupo de edad, ni con la presencia de prótesis dentales. (AU)

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Introducción: hemos realizado un estudio epidemiológico transversal de la caries en los ancianos institucionalizados en España Pacientes y método: se escogió aleatoriamente una muestra representativa de 3 282 personas del colectivo objeto de nuestro estudio. Se siguieron las recomendaciones de la FDI/OMS para la investigación epidemiológica. Resultados y conclusiones.- el 52,8 por ciento de los ancianos españoles son edéntulos. El número medio de dientes por persona fue de 6,24. La prevalencia de caries se estimó en el 92,3° por ciento de los gerontes con clientes El índice CAOD alcanzó el valor 29,37, de los que el 88,4 por ciento corresponde al componente ausencias, el 11,3 por ciento al componente caries y sola-mente el 0,3 por ciento del total del índice se debe a las obturaciones En el 84,4 por ciento de los ancianos españoles con dientes se estimó la necesidad de alguna exodoncia (AU)

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el gran desarrollo alcanzado por la tecnología electrónica plasmado en uno de sus componentes más prestigiosos, el microprocesador, ha permitido la realización de sistemas electrotécnicos basados en las denominadas aplicaciones inteligentes Estas aplicaciones introducidas en las instalaciones de la clínica dental, aportan unas ventajas sustanciales tanto a los procesos de control y monitorización como a la gestión efectiva de la energía consumida. El rápido desarrollo del concepto de programación junto a los grandes logros tecnológicos alcanzados en la integración de unos componentes electrónicos llamados transis-tores, prepararon el camino para la llegada del microprocesador al principio de los 70. Este circuito integrado tiene ta ventaja de ser programable y constituye una parte fundamental en los sistemas diseñados para la realización de instalaciones automatizadas (AU)

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