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Background: COVID-19 outbreak impacted negatively on teaching globally with traditional face-to-face teaching mostly affected. Aim: This study evaluated the experiences and perceptions of Nigerian undergraduate dental students to virtual learning (VL) including perceived institutional challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of 346 dental students from all 13 Nigerian dental schools. Data collection was done using an open/close-ended online questionnaire. Results: The level of awareness and understanding of dental students to virtual learning was high (93.6%) and good (84.7%), respectively. About two-thirds (62.4%) of the students had a virtual learning classroom experience before the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical students spent more time on the Internet and reported more confidence in the use of VL platforms than their pre-clinical counterparts during the lockdown (p < 0.05). More male students than their female counterparts felt that VL had less quality than traditional classroom teaching (p < 0.05). Similarly, male students showed more confidence in the use of VL online tools (p < 0.05). Institutional and self-perceived preparedness to VL was ranked low and moderate by the students, respectively. The high cost of data subscriptions, unstable Internet connectivity, and lack of other institutional facilities were perceived as challenges to effective VL by students. None of the identified variables predict effective VL. Conclusions: Experiences of dental students and their preparedness to VL were moderate. The high cost of Internet subscriptions, unstable Internet connectivity, and low institutional facilities were major challenges to students' VL. None of the socio-demographic factors could successfully predict effective VL.

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OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between hyoid position and vertical dental dimensions (overbite), and the influence of gender on the location of this bone. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-four standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were randomly selected from a pool of radiographs of patients seeking orthodontic treatment with ages ranging from 10 to 58 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their vertical dental dimensions (overbite) into reduced, normal, and increased overbite groups. The hyoid bone position was determined by four horizontal linear and three vertical linear line measurements. Associations between the position of the bone and different vertical dental patterns were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison analysis. RESULTS: There was a progressive increase in the horizontal linear position of the hyoid bone parameters across the groups from the reduced through normal to increase overbite. Similarly, a statistical reduction in the vertical linear positions of the hyoid bone parameters was found across the groups from reduced overbite through normal overbite to increased overbite (P < 0.05). The vertical linear hyoid bone positions were located higher in the male than in female subjects. Tukey's multiple comparison analysis showed a highly statistically significant difference in the vertical linear hyoid bone positions between reduced and normal overbite groups and between reduced and increased overbite groups. CONCLUSION: The hyoid bone was positioned more antero-inferiorly and more postero-superiorly in subjects with reduced overbite and increased overbite, respectively.

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BACKGROUND: Dental arch dimensions are important considerations in orthodontic treatment planning and monitoring. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the dental arch dimensions in wind and non-wind instrument players (WIP and non-WIP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study which compared a group of 50 male subjects aged 18-45 years that had been playing wind instruments for a minimum of 2 years with a control group matched for age in the same environment. The arch dimensions were assessed for both groups by measuring their dental casts using a digital caliper. Data was analyzed using statistical Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) version 17. Statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean number of years of playing wind instrument among the WIP was 9.26 ± 6.21 years. All the maxillary arch dimensions were larger in the WIP group except for the palatal depth while the mandibular arch parameters in the non-WIP group were larger than the WIP group except the mandibular arch length. The differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mean maxillary inter-canine width (37.48 ± 1.12 mm), inter-molar width (57.27 ± 1.99 mm), arch length (29.80 ± 2.2.09 mm), and palatal depth (22.21 ± 2.33 mm) for class B instrument (Saxophone and clarinet) players were larger than either the class A instrument (Trumpet and trombone) players or the non-WIP group. These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Playing a wind instrument as well as the type of instrument played, duration, and frequency of play did not significantly affect dental arch dimensions.

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BACKGROUND: Concern over the impact of playing wind instruments on the stomatognathic system has increased in the last few decades with many health practitioners attending to an increasing number of musical instrument players. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of playing wind musical instruments on the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of male Nigerian adults. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in the Dental clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Fifty male Wind Instrument Players (WIPs) were recruited for the study and compared with fifty non-Wind Instrument Players (non-WIPs) of the same age, gender and environment. The temporomandibular dysfunction was assessed in both groups using Helkimo index. Reliability test demonstrated an excellent intra-rater correlation (Cronbach's Alpha; 0.98). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and statistical significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The majority of participants in the WIP group (32, 64%) had mild to severe anamnestic dysfunction score compared with (20, 40.0%) in the non-WIP group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The class of instruments played, number of years and frequency of play had a significant negative impact on the anamnestic dysfunction of the TMJ with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences in clinical dysfunction scores were observed in the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Playing wind instruments including the class of instrument, number of years and frequency of playing affected the TMJ function, especially anamnesis. Clinical dysfunction was not affected by playing wind instruments.

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Objectif : Il y a une augmentation globale du besoin et de la demande de traitement orthodontique. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact de la malocclusion sur la qualité de vie en lien avec la santé buccodentaire chez les patients souhaitant un traitement orthodontique. Matériels et méthodes : Soixante et un patients nécessitant un traitement orthodontique ont complété le questionnaire OHRQoL (Oral Health Related Quality of Life) version anglaise et le questionnaire sur l'impact psychosocial de l'esthétique dentaire (PIDAQ). Les moyennes et écarts-types pour la population d'étude ont été déterminés pour l'ensemble du OHRQoL-UK et du PIDAQ en utilisant des statistiques non-paramétriques avec un niveau de significativité P < 0,05. La corrélation entre les scores globaux et sous-échelles de la qualité de vie faite en utilisant le OHRQoL-UK, le PIDAQ et l'indice esthético-dentaire (DAI) respectivement, a été analysée par la corrélation de Spearman. Résultats : L'augmentation des scores moyens PIDAQ différait significativement avec les grades plus élevés de DAI. Des corrélations faibles à modérées significatives existaient entre les scores globaux des PIDAQ, des SI et des sous-échelles AC et DAI (p ≤ 0,01). Il y avait une faible corrélation négative entre l'ensemble des OHRQoL-UK et des PIDAQ qui était significative (r = -0,27, p < 0,05). Une faible corrélation négative significative a été observée entre les sous-échelles psychologique et sociale de OHRQoL-UK et de PIDAQ (p < 0,05).Conclusion : Au fur et à mesure que la gravité de la malocclusion augmentait, l'impact sur OHRQoL devenait plus important tant sur OHRQoL-UK que sur PIDAQ. Une relation faible existe entre OHRQoL-UK et PIDAQ, par conséquent, ces instruments devraient être utilisés pour se compléter

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BACKGROUND: The acceptable goal of treatment of bimaxillary protrusion is the retraction of maxillary and mandibular incisors with a resultant decrease in soft tissue convexity. This can be achieved by both surgical and orthodontic treatment methods. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review on the outcome of either method and other associated factors. METHODOLOGY: Electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Medline) were searched to identify studies that assessed hard and soft tissues changes in patients treated for bimaxillary protrusion with surgery or orthodontics. Abstracts that appeared to fulfill the initial selection criteria were selected, and the full-text original articles were retrieved and analyzed. Only articles that fulfilled the final selection criteria were finally considered. Their references were also hand-searched for possible missing articles from the database searches. RESULTS: The initial literature search identified 215 articles while 71 full text articles were retrieved for further analysis. Twenty-four publications were included in the final review. Most of the studies were retrospective with no randomized control trial. The studies showed high heterogeneity in type and technique of space closure, anchorage, orthodontic appliance and surgery. Surgical treatment was carried out for more severe cases than orthodontic treatment. Both methods achieved increased inter-incisal angle, however shorter treatment time appeared to be associated with surgery. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory outcome were achieved with both treatment protocols. However, surgery was more indicated in severe cases.

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BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that bimaxillary protruded anterior teeth may be related to the sella turcica anatomically and embryologically through their common progenitors. AIM: This study assessed the morphological variations and linear dimensions of sella turcica in a Nigerian population with normal and bimaxillary protruded teeth. METHODOLOGY: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients were assessed. Sixty-five randomly selected radiographs of patients with bimaxillary proclination were compared with 52 radiographs of normal incisor relationship subjects. Cephalometric landmarks and dimensions of sella turcica were identified and traced manually and measured. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS version 16.0 for windows, SPSS Inc, Chicago). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used and significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Sella turcica with normal morphology accounted for 61.5% in the population while the least was sella turcica bridge with only 6%. The sella turcica dimensions were consistently larger in young adults than the adolescents, however, no statistically significant difference was reported in its length and diameter (p>0.05) except for the depth (p<0.05). Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences in sella turcica dimensions in relation to gender and incisor relationship. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of normal morphology of sella turcica in the population was 61.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in sella turcica dimensions between normal and bimaxillary protrusion subjects (p>0.05). Similarly, no significant differences in dimensions were observed in gender and age groups (p>0.05) except for the depth of sella turcica that was significantly larger in young adults (p<0.05).

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BACKGROUND: Hyoid bone though constitute a small proportion of the human skeleton, its importance in relation to other facial structures cannot be overemphasized. Several studies have reported on hyoid bone position in relation to various types of malocclusion, however, to our knowledge, there has been no study on the relationship between the hyoid bone and bimaxillary incisor proclination. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the relative position of hyoid bone in individuals with and without bimaxillary incisor proclination as well as other related demographic factors. METHODOLOGY: This was a comparative retrospective study of lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients aged 12 to 40 years from two study locations (Ile-Ife and Lagos, Nigeria). Thirty randomly selected radiographs of patients with bimaxillary incisor proclination were compared with 30 radiographs of related cases with normal incisor relationship. These radiographs were manually traced using established cephalometric landmarks and analysed using SPSS 16. Independent t-test was used to compare mean values and statistical significant level was set as p<0.05. RESULTS: Most of the linear and angular dental/skeletal measurements in relation to hyoid bone position showed no significant differences within the compared groups. Hyoid bone position (H-TV) was found to be more anteriorly located in male (p=0.02) and in bimaxillary incisor proclination (p=0.004) patients than their female and normal incisor relationship groups respectively. Similarly, there was a highly statistically significant difference in linear measurement of the lower incisor tip to hyoid bone position (H-LIT) between the adolescent and young adult groups (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The hyoid bone position in male and bimaxillary incisor proclination subjects were more anteriorly located when compared with female and normal incisor relationship groups respectively. Similarly, the distance between the hyoid bone position and the lower incisor tip was longer in young adults than the adolescent group.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between severity of malocclusion, orthodontic treatment need and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among final year dental students. METHODS: Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) was used to measure oral health related quality of life impacts associated with dental aesthetics among 99 final year dental students. Dental aesthetics was assessed by the respondents using the Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Perception of Occlusion Scale (POS), participants were also evaluated by an investigator using the AC of IOTN and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Bivariate and Multiple linear regression analysis were used to test the relationship of demographic characteristics (age, gender), self and professional evaluation of malocclusion severity and the four PIDAQ subscales. The criterion for statistical significance was set at the 5 per cent level. RESULTS: A distinct gradient in mean PIDAQ subscale scores was observed which differed significantly according to treatment categories determined by occlusal indices (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant associations between the POS and all the PIDAQ subscales, while the professional rating of the AC scale of IOTN, had a significant association only with the dental self-confidence subscale. CONCLUSION: Perceived psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics is related to severity of malocclusion. The sociodental approach which combines normative and psychosocial perception of occlusion is recommended for routine evaluation of treatment need so that measures of patients' views complement clinical measures.

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AIMS: Conjoint analysis of orthodontic patients using the Subspinale (A-point) Nasion-Supramentale (B point) (ANB) angle and the Wits appraisal is popular in many practices. This study aimed to present reference values for the Wits appraisal among Nigerians using three horizontal reference planes namely the bisected occlusal plane (BOP), the functional occlusal plane (FOP) and the maxillomandibular angle bisector (MM° bisector) plane. It also assessed the relationship of the Wits appraisal with the ANB angle and its interaction with clinical measures of sagittal skeletal relations among subjects with malocclusion. METHODOLOGY: One hundred participants with normal occlusion and 120 with malocclusion were recruited in the study. Cephalometric radiographs were taken for all participants. Each radiograph was manually traced on a 0.003 matted cellulose acetate tracing paper using a sharpened 2H pencil. The Wits appraisal and ANB angle were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 19. RESULTS: The mean age was 20.7 ± 4.9 years for those with normal occlusion and 18.8 ± 6.5 years in the malocclusion group. There were 91 (41.4%) males and 129 (58.6%) females. Mean values for the Wits appraisal using the BOP as reference, was--1.27 ± 2.91mm, with the FOP, it was -3.54 ± 3.24mm, while with the MM° bisector plane, it was--.75? ± .94mm. The ANB angle showed highest correlation with the MM'°bisector plane Wits value(P< 0 .001). CCONCLUSION: hen the clinical and angular cephalometric findings are at variance, the ANB angle is best moderated by the MM'° isector plane Wits appraisal.

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BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of cephalometry, numerous studies have established normal values for Caucasian populations. In Africa, most investigations have established norms and ethnic variations associated with the skeletal pattern. To date, there has been no study comparing soft tissue patterns among adolescents in the West African sub-region. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this investigation was to determine and compare soft tissue patterns among 12- to 16-year-old Nigerian, Ghanaian and Senegalese adolescents, establish any gender dimorphism and compare them with published Caucasian norms. METHODOLOGY: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of adolescents with a normal incisor relationship aged between 12 and 16 years from Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal were taken under standardized conditions and traced to determine soft tissue patterns. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 165 females and 135 males with a mean age of 13·96 (1·58) years. A number of soft tissue parameters showed significant differences (P<0·05). These included comparison between males and females, and Nigerian, Ghanaian and Senegalese, including lip separation, upper lip length, upper lip exposure, Li-esthetic line, lower lip-NP, nasal tip angle, N-Pr-Pg, Pg-Ls, B-N pogonion and pogonion-mandibular angle. Differences also existed between these West African soft tissue values and published Caucasian norms, including nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, nasal depth, nose tip, total soft tissue facial convexity and nasal depth angle. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative analysis of soft tissue patterns among 12- to 16-year-old adolescents from Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal demonstrated statistically significant differences in soft tissue value between these West African adolescents and published Caucasian soft tissue norms. This study provides useful data in relation to soft tissue parameters for subjects originating from the West African sub-region.

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AIM: The study objective was to examine the impact of oral health and disease on the quality of life of a population sample of 11 to 14-year-old children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14). The hypothesis was that children with more severe malocclusions and greater caries experience would have higher CPQ scores indicating worse quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A random sample of school children were selected to participate in this study. Two hundred and forty eight children duly completed the CPQ11-14 and were examined for malocclusion and dental caries using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and DMFT index. RESULTS: Overall CPQ 11-14 scores ranged from 0 to 81 with a mean of 23.44 ± 17.19. There was no distinct gradient in mean CPQ scores across the DAI categories of malocclusion. Children with high caries experience according to the DMFT also did not have higher CPQ scores. Significant correlations were observed between the overall CPQ11-14 and domain scores and global ratings of oral health and overall well-being. No statistically significant associations were found between the clinical and overall CPQ scores. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the presence of malocclusion and dental caries did not have a significant impact on the quality of life of the Nigerian children using the CPQ11-14. The CPQ11-14 may be unable to discriminate between children in various malocclusion categories in all population groups. The relationship of reported quality of life and malocclusion is probably mediated by other factors.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of nicknames and name-calling among a sample of Nigerian schoolchildren, to examine the types of names reported by the children, the relationship of the nicknames to dental appearance and the impact of such nicknames on the children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A sample consisting of 506 randomly selected children from secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were invited to participate in the study. Self- administered pre-tested questionnaires were completed independently by the children in their schools. The questionnaire related to the incidence of nicknames and teasing, nature, frequency, relationship to physical appearance and the effect of such names on the children. RESULTS: The incidence of nicknames was found to be high among the schoolchildren (77%) with no significant difference between boys and girls. Eighty eight percent were called by their nicknames on a daily basis. The majority of the nicknames were derived from the children's names (34.9%), while others related to their appearance, body features, and personality. The nickname was appearance-related in about one third of the children and more often this related to the weight of the child (26.77%). The teeth were the source of nickname in only 6 (4.7%) of the children with equal occurrence rate in boys and girls. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that being given nicknames is a common occurrence in Nigerian schools, one third of which may be appearance-related with most children indifferent to these nicknames. Dental appearance may not be a significant contributor to such names.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the objective orthodontic treatment need of a group of school children and a referred population using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and establish the relationship between subjective and objective orthodontic treatment need. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The study groups were 250 school children and 157 children referred to the orthodontic unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC). They assessed their need for treatment, their dental casts were also assessed by the examiner (K.A.K) using the IOTN. RESULTS: The professional assessment of treatment need of the children in the school population based on the Aesthetic Component of IOTN were 62.8% no need, 30% moderate need and 7.2% great need for orthodontic treatment, the referred population had 19.7%, 36.3% and 43.9% respectively. The Dental health component resulted in 66% no need, 20% moderate need and 14% great need for treatment in the school population. These percentages were 20.4%, 16.6% and 63% respectively in the referred population. Statistically significant differences were found between subjective and professional assessment of orthodontic treatment need in both populations. There were no significant gender differences in objective orthodontic treatment need. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that there is a difference of opinion on orthodontic treatment need between laypersons and professionals. The IOTN reliably records deviant occlusal traits can be used to prioritize treatment need.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using of psychological management techniques on the level of anxiety in Nigerian children during dental management. The Short Form of the Dental Anxiety Survey Schedule was administered to 81 children who were attending a suburban dental clinic for the first time. This schedule was re-administered again two weeks later when they came for a follow up visit. The age of the patients was recorded. The types as well as number of psychological techniques employed during treatment were also noted. The overall mean dental anxiety level of the children decrease from an average of 15.23 +/- 5.03 before treatment to 13.40 + 4.13 after treatment (p < 0.001). However, the mean dental anxiety score in children in whom no psychological technique was employed during treatment increased after treatment. On the other hand, there was also a statistically significant decrease in the mean dental anxiety level of children treated using either a single psychological technique or combined psychological techniques after treatment. Better results were obtained when combined psychological techniques where used than when only a single technique was used. It was concluded that psychological techniques used in the management of dental anxiety in children are highly effective in decreasing dental anxiety levels. Better results are obtained when a number of techniques are combined effectively.

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The objective of the study was to determine the principal dental radiographic features of impacted third molars and to highlight some management implications, 255 periapical radiographs belonging to 197 patients with the clinical records were examined. The age of the subjects, sex, and degree of impaction, inclination, depth, mesiodistal space and associated pathology were documented as well as the number of roots and their relationship to the neurovascular bundle. The mean age was 23.4 years with more female teeth (152, 59.6%) than male (103, 40.4%). Majority were partially erupted (223, 91.4%) with vertical impaction most commonly seen in 80 teeth (31.4%). Over half of the teeth (135, 52.9%) had no obvious relationship with the inferior alveolar neuro-vascular bundle and where this existed, darkening of the root was the most common radiographic indicator (55 teeth, 21.6%). Most of the teeth (54.9%) had no obvious pathologic changes associated. In those with pathologic changes, periodontal bone loss and a wide follicle were most commonly observed (44 teeth or 17.3% in both cases). Older subjects had significantly more periodontal bone loss (p = 0.001). Periapical radiographic examination can reveal vital information for treatment planning of impacted teeth and the monitoring of asymptomatic teeth.

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This study sought to establish the reliability and validity of a short form of the Dental Subscale of the Child Fear Survey Schedule (DFSS-SF). The schedule was administered twice to 23 children who had not attended a dental clinic for dental treatment before. The second administration was done two weeks after the first. They had no preknowledge of the second administration of the schedule. The children's behaviour during treatment was also assessed using the Frankl's scale. An additional assessment was also made using the dichotomy "anxious" or "not anxious". Analysis of the reliability was done using the Cronbach's coefficient alphas as well as the Pearson product-moment coefficient. The overall coefficient alphas for the DFSS-SF was 0.82 (p < 0.0001). A test retest correlation of 0.73 (p < 0.0001) was obtained. On comparison of the DFSS-SF with the Frankl's scale, a significant difference was found in the psychometric scores of the children grouped as anxious and no anxious. Also, on comparison of the DFSS-SF with the dichotomy scale, a highly significant difference between the two was observed (p = 0.005). A good negative correlation was found between the second administration of the DFSS-SF and Frankl's scale (r = -0.54; p = < 0.01). The DFSS-SF is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring dental anxiety in Nigerian children. However the study needs to be replicated on a larger number of children.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of toothwear in the permanent teeth of 12-18-year-old Nigerian students. The study group comprised 176 individuals (67 males and 109 females) who had no carious cavity, restoration or fracture on any of their permanent teeth. Within the group, 86% had tooth surface loss that was limited to enamel and dentine. No statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes. The most commonly affected tooth was the lower first molar, while the occlusal surface was the most frequently involved. One student had toothwear with a predominantly erosive component as a result of frequent ingestion of low pH drinks, while another displayed toothbrush abrasion. Of those with toothwear, two (13.4%) had parafunctional activities. The cause of toothwear in 73.2% of the study population could not be ascertained. Some of it may be connected with the coarse, abrasive diets that many of the students admitted to consuming on a regular basis.

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The practice of orthodontics in Nigeria has witnessed a gradual, but steady development since its introduction about three decades ago. The undergraduate orthodontic training that was fashioned after the British model has evolved from a concentrated course of lectures to a more clinical/practical orientated programme. The local postgraduate training, however, needs to be restructured and strengthened in order to face the challenges ahead. The importance of constant upgrading of knowledge and skills in all areas of orthodontics is also emphasized.

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