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Self-esteem is an attitude formed by self-evaluation based on positive and negative aspects of oneself. Low self-esteem is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders and is especially associated with social difficulties. Recently, behavioral economics has allowed the quantitative study of social interactions. We investigated the association between self-esteem and interpersonal problems and whether self-esteem modulates behavior and emotions during an economic task, the Ultimatum Game (UG). In this task participants accept or reject fair/unfair monetary offers from others. Low (LSE, n=40) and high (HSE, n=45) self-esteem participants were assessed in their interpersonal problems and psychiatric symptoms using self-reported questionnaires, and were compared on their decision making and emotional response during the UG. LSE was associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, LSE was associated with interpersonal problems, especially in the domains of socially inhibited, nonassertive, overly accommodating, self-sacrificing and cold/distant. During the UG, LSE women reported more anger towards unfair offers than HSE women. Our findings suggest that low self-esteem individuals experience high distress by interpersonal problems in several domains. Importantly, low self-esteem in women seems to be associated with an accentuated emotional response to unfair social exchanges. These results may contribute to treat social difficulties in this population.

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OBJETIVOS: 1) Valorar la utilidad pronóstica de la determinación inicial y seriada de la proteína fijadora de lipopolisacáridos (LBP) y de la procalcitonina (PCT) y 2) evaluar si su adicción a los scores de gravedad mejoraría su valor pronóstico. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo observacional. ÁMBITO: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital general universitario. PACIENTES: Se incluyó a 100 pacientes ingresados por sepsis grave/shock séptico. Variables de interés Datos demográficos, APACHE II y SOFA, concentración de PCT y LBP inicial y a las 48 h y mortalidad hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Los scores APACHE II al ingreso y SOFA a las 48 h presentaron el mayor rendimiento como predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria (AUC ROC: 0,75 para ambos). La concentración inicial de PCT y LBP y el aclaramiento de LBP fueron similares en pacientes supervivientes y fallecidos. Solo el aclaramiento de PCT fue superior en supervivientes respecto a los fallecidos (AUC ROC: 0,66). La combinación de los scores de gravedad con el aclaramiento de PCT no mejoró su valor pronóstico. CONCLUSIONES: La concentración inicial de LBP y de PCT y el aclaramiento de LBP no presentaron valor pronóstico en pacientes con sepsis grave/shock séptico. Solo el aclaramiento de PCT se comportó como predictor de mortalidad hospitalaria. El rendimiento de los scores APACHE II al ingreso y SOFA a las 48 h fue superior al de los biomarcadores analizados y la adición del aclaramiento de PCT no aumentó su valor pronóstico

AIMS: 1) To assess the prognostic value of levels on admission and serial measurements of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in relation to in-hospital mortality; and 2) to determine whether the addition of these parameters to severity scores (APACHE II and SOFA) is able to improve prognostic accuracy. DESIGN: A single-center, prospective observational study was carried out. Setting Intensive Care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred severe sepsis and septic shock patients were included. Data collected Demographic data, APACHE II and SOFA scores, PCT and LBP levels on admission and after 48hours, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The best area under the curve for predicting in-hospital mortality corresponded to APACHE II on admission and SOFA after 48h (AUC ROC: 0.75 for both). PCT and LBP levels on admission and LBP clearance were not statistically different between in-hospital survivors and non-survivors. Only PCT clearance was higher among in-hospital survivors than in non-survivors (AUC ROC: 0.66). The combination of severity scores and PCT clearance did not result in superior areas under the curve. CONCLUSIONS: LBP and PCT levels on admission and LBP clearance showed no prognostic value in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Only PCT clearance was predictive of in-hospital mortality. The prognostic accuracy was significantly better for APACHE on admission and SOFA after 48h than for any of the analyzed biomarkers, and the addition of PCT clearance did not improve their prognostic value

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AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of copeptin as a rapid and reliable marker for discarding non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in patients attended in an Emergency Care Department due to acute chest pain with a normal or non-diagnostic electrocardiogram and a negative first troponin I result. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: The Emergency Care Department of a university hospital. PATIENTS: The study comprised a total of 97 patients attended in the Emergency Care Department due to chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome with an evolution of under 12h, a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram and a negative first troponin I result. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Patient demographic data and baseline characteristics, copeptin upon admission, troponin I upon admission and after 6h, and final diagnosis. RESULTS: The final diagnosis was NSTEMI in 14 patients (14.4%) -no significant differences in copeptin concentration being observed between the 2 groups, though a tendency towards higher values was recorded in the NSTEMI group (median: 24.6pmol/l [interquartile range: 42.0] vs. 12.0pmol/l [16.1]; P=.06). The AUC ROC for copeptin upon admission was 0.657 (95%CI: 0.504-0.810), with a negative predictive value of 92% for a cutoff point of 14pmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: Copeptin determination upon admission to the Emergency Care Department in patients with chest pain for ≤12h, suggestive of acute coronary syndrome, with a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram and a negative first troponin I determination does not allow rapid and reliable exclusion of the presence of NSTEMI. Serial troponin I measurements are needed in this respect.

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AIMS: 1) To assess the prognostic value of levels on admission and serial measurements of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in relation to in-hospital mortality; and 2) to determine whether the addition of these parameters to severity scores (APACHE II and SOFA) is able to improve prognostic accuracy. DESIGN: A single-center, prospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: Intensive Care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred severe sepsis and septic shock patients were included. DATA COLLECTED: Demographic data, APACHE II and SOFA scores, PCT and LBP levels on admission and after 48 hours, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The best area under the curve for predicting in-hospital mortality corresponded to APACHE II on admission and SOFA after 48 h (AUC ROC: 0.75 for both). PCT and LBP levels on admission and LBP clearance were not statistically different between in-hospital survivors and non-survivors. Only PCT clearance was higher among in-hospital survivors than in non-survivors (AUC ROC: 0.66). The combination of severity scores and PCT clearance did not result in superior areas under the curve. CONCLUSIONS: LBP and PCT levels on admission and LBP clearance showed no prognostic value in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Only PCT clearance was predictive of in-hospital mortality. The prognostic accuracy was significantly better for APACHE on admission and SOFA after 48 h than for any of the analyzed biomarkers, and the addition of PCT clearance did not improve their prognostic value.

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To assess whether the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify the plasma lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk variables in postmenopausal women at risk of cardiovascular disease, a longitudinal, randomized, and crossover study was carried out with postmenopausal women at risk of CVD. They were randomly assigned to eat each type of breakfast during one month: 6 study periods (breakfast with the same composition plus butter/margarine/virgin olive oil) separated by two washout periods. On the first and last days of each study period, weight, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index were recorded in fasting conditions and a blood sample was collected to measure plasma lipid profile. When comparing final values to baseline values, we only found out statistically significant differences on plasma lipid profiles. Butter-based breakfast increased total cholesterol and HDL, while margarine-based breakfast decreased total cholesterol and LDL and increased HDL. After the olive oil-based breakfast intake, a tendency towards a decrease of total cholesterol and LDL levels and an increase of HDL levels was observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in triglycerides levels, BMI, and arterial pressure in any breakfast type. The margarine-based breakfast was the only one which significantly increased the percentage of volunteers with optimal lipid profiles. The polyunsaturated fat at breakfast has improved the plasma lipid profile in the analyzed sample population, suggesting that PUFA-based breakfast can be advisable in women at risk of CVD.

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Las mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) previa presentan mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus (DM). En estas mujeres, se recomienda realizar una reclasificación metabólica después del parto. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el rendimiento de la hemoglobina A1c para la evaluación postparto en mujeres con DMG reciente y evaluar la concordancia en el diagnóstico de las distintas formas de alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa con el test de tolerancia con sobrecarga oral de 75g de glucosa (TTOG 75g), método recomendado actualmente para dicha reclasificación. Material y métodos56 mujeres con DMG reciente fueron reclasificadas tras el parto en nuestro centro según los criterios de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA). Se analizó la concordancia en el diagnóstico entre la hemoglobina A1c y el TTOG 75g y se evaluó el rendimiento de la hemoglobina A1c para el diagnóstico de DM y para la detección de cualquier forma de alteración de tolerancia a la glucosa. Resultados Se diagnosticó DM en 7 mujeres y otras formas de alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa en 25. El índice kappa de concordancia en el diagnóstico fue de 0,22. Una hemoglobina A1c ≥ 5,7% presentó una sensibilidad de 47% y una especificidad de 71% para identificar cualquier forma de alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa. Una hemoglobina A1c ≥ 6,5 presentó una sensibilidad de 29% y una especificidad de 100% para el diagnóstico de DM. El área bajo la curva ROC para la detección de cualquier forma de alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa fue 0,57 y para el diagnóstico de DM de 0,81.ConclusionesLa hemoglobina A1c, empleando los puntos de corte de la ADA, no es apropiada para la reclasificación metabólica de mujeres con antecedente reciente de DMG (AU)

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus (DM). Their postpartum metabolic classification using a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (75g OGTT) is recommended. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of hemoglobin A1c for postpartum evaluation in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients and methods Fifty-six women with recent GDM underwent a 75g OGTT at our center to assess postpartum changes in carbohydrate metabolism and were classified using diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of hemoglobin A1c, and kappa index was used to evaluate diagnostic agreement between hemoglobin A1c and 75g OGTT. Results DM was diagnosed in 7 women, and other categories of increased risk for DM in 25 women. Kappa index for diagnosis agreement was 0,22. Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 5.7% had 47% sensitivity and 71% specificity for identifying any change in carbohydrate metabolism. A hemoglobin A1c value ≥ 6.5 had 29% sensitivity and 100% specificity for diagnosis of DM. Area under the ROC curve was 0.57 for identifying any change in carbohydrate metabolism and 0.81 for diagnosis of DM. Conclusion Using ADA cutoff values, hemoglobin A1c is not appropriate for postpartum glucose tolerance evaluation in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus (DM). Their postpartum metabolic classification using a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (75g OGTT) is recommended. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of hemoglobin A1c for postpartum evaluation in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six women with recent GDM underwent a 75g OGTT at our center to assess postpartum changes in carbohydrate metabolism and were classified using diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of hemoglobin A1c, and kappa index was used to evaluate diagnostic agreement between hemoglobin A1c and 75g OGTT. RESULTS: DM was diagnosed in 7 women, and other categories of increased risk for DM in 25 women. Kappa index for diagnosis agreement was 0,22. Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 5.7% had 47% sensitivity and 71% specificity for identifying any change in carbohydrate metabolism. A hemoglobin A1c value ≥ 6.5 had 29% sensitivity and 100% specificity for diagnosis of DM. Area under the ROC curve was 0.57 for identifying any change in carbohydrate metabolism and 0.81 for diagnosis of DM. CONCLUSION: Using ADA cutoff values, hemoglobin A1c is not appropriate for postpartum glucose tolerance evaluation in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus.

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This study aimed to analyze the social wasps species diversity in a cerrado vegetation at the west region of the State of Bahia. Nineteen species of social wasps were found, with Chartergus globiventris de Saussure, Chartergellus communis Richards and Metapolybia cingulata (Fabricius) being recorded for the first time for the State of Bahia. The arboreous cerrado showed a higher species richness (S=19) and diversity (H'=2.33) than the agroecossistems (farms) (S=8; H'=1,84). However, nest abundance was higher at the agroecossystems (N=107 nests) than at the arboreous cerrado (N=87 nests). The physiognomy of 'cerrado campo sujo' showed the lowest abundance of social wasps colonies (N=61 nests) and intermediate values of species richness (S=13) and diversity (H'=2.20).

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A diversidade de espécies de vespas sociais associadas à vegetação de cerrado no Oeste da Bahia foi analisada neste estudo. Dentre as dezenove espécies de vespas sociais encontradas, Chartergus globiventris de Saussure, Chartergellus communis Richards e Metapolybia cingulata (Fabricius) são registradas pela primeira vez para o estado. O cerrado arbóreo, apesar de apresentar maior riqueza (S = 19) e maior diversidade de espécies (H' = 2,33), apresentou níveis de abundância (N = 87 ninhos) inferiores aos sistemas agrícolas (N = 107 ninhos; S = 8 espécies; H' = 1,84). A fisionomia de cerrado campo sujo apresentou a menor abundância de colônias de vespas sociais (N = 61) e valores intermediários de riqueza (S = 13) e diversidade (H' = 2,20).

This study aimed to analyze the social wasps species diversity in a cerrado vegetation at the west region of the State of Bahia. Nineteen species of social wasps were found, with Chartergus globiventris de Saussure, Chartergellus communis Richards and Metapolybia cingulata (Fabricius) being recorded for the first time for the State of Bahia. The arboreous cerrado showed a higher species richness (S = 19) and diversity (H' = 2,33) than the agroecossistems (farms) (S = 8; H' = 1,84). However, nest abundance was higher at the agroecossystems (N = 107 nests) than at the arboreous cerrado (N = 87 nests). The physiognomy of "cerrado campo sujo" showed the lowest abundance of social wasps colonies (N = 61 nests) and intermediate values of species richness (S = 13) and diversity (H' = 2,20).

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We studied the structure and composition of communities of social wasps associated with the three insular ecosystems: mangrove swamp, the Atlantic Rain Forest and the 'restinga'- lowland sandy ecosystems located between the mountain range and the sea. Three hundred and ninety-one nests of 21 social wasp species were collected. The diversity of wasps found in each ecosystem was significantly correlated to the diversity of vegetation in each of the three physiognomies, (r(2) = 0.85; F(1.16) = 93.85; P < 0. 01). The Tropical Atlantic Forest physiognomy had higher species richness (18 species), followed by the restinga (16 species) and the mangrove (8 species) ecosystems.

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We studied the structure and composition of communities of social wasps associated with the three insular ecosystems: mangrove swamp, the Atlantic Rain Forest and the 'restinga'- lowland sandy ecosystems located between the mountain range and the sea. Three hundred and ninety-one nests of 21 social wasp species were collected. The diversity of wasps found in each ecosystem was significantly correlated to the diversity of vegetation in each of the three physiognomies, (r² = 0.85; F(1.16) = 93.85; P < 0. 01). The Tropical Atlantic Forest physiognomy had higher species richness (18 species), followed by the restinga (16 species) and the mangrove (8 species) ecosystems.

A estrutura e a composição de comunidades de vespas sociais associadas a três ecossistemas insulares com fisionomias distintas: Manguezal, Mata Atlântica e Restinga foram analisadas. Foram coletados 391 ninhos de 21 espécies de vespas sociais. A diversidade de vespas encontrada em cada ecossistema está significativamente correlacionada à diversidade de formas de vida vegetal encontrada em cada ambiente estudado (r² = 0,85; F(1.16) = 93,85; P < 0, 01). A floresta tropical Atlântica foi o ecossistema com maior riqueza de vespas (18 espécies), seguida pela Restinga (16 espécies) e pelo Manguezal (8 espécies).

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: When proteinuria appears, a differential diagnosis must determine its origin. The object of this work has been to evaluate the results after the laboratory implantation of an algorithm for the screening and diagnosis of proteinuria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From a total of 30,718 processed urines, a 30 mg/dl or higher protein concentration was obtained in 639, recommending a new sample to confirm and differentiate proteinuria. We received 207, to which total protein, creatinine, albumin and alpha-1-microglobulin were quantified, together with pseudoperoxidase and leukocyte esterase from dipstick. The results were introduced in an expert system (UPES and its application Protis), allowing differentiate hematuria, leukocyturia and proteinuria and suggesting the assessment of other parameters, like IgG, alpha-2-macroglobulin, light chain kappa/lambda, when necessary. RESULTS: From 207 urinalysis assayed for selective proteinuria, 39 were normal, 96 were classified as primary glomerulopathy, 26 as secondary glomerulopathy and 5 as tubulo-interstitial nephropathy. A differential diagnosis of hematuria was made in 58 of these urines. Besides, kappa light chains were detected in a sample from a patient with a normal serum protein graph, which were confirmed by immune fixation. CONCLUSION: With the proposed algorithm, the information obtained from a urine sample increases substantially, allowing detection and differentiation of proteinuria and providing suggestions for the clinical evaluation of the patient.

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OBJETIVO: Adaptación de un método de ultracentrifugaciónen gradiente de densidad isopícnico para la separación analíticade de las tres principales lipoproteínas de interés clínico.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se procesaron 337 muestras, enuna ultracentrífuga Beckman L-80 con un rotor Vti 65.2, a416.000g durante 55 minutos a 10ºC. Los tubos de ultracentrifugación(5.1ml), se prepararon introduciendo 1ml de suero,previamente ajustado a una densidad de 1.210 Kg/l con BrK, yse rellenaron con una solución de BrK de densidad 1.006Kg/l.RESULTADOS: La fracción de HDL se recogió en los primeros1.7 ml, la de LDL en los siguientes 2.5 ml y la de VLDL enlos últimos 0.9 ml del volumen total. Los CV intraensayo oscilaronentre 0.71 y 11.41% y los CV interensayo entre 1.53 y11.11%. Los coeficientes de correlación fluctuaron entre0.707 y 0.982.CONCLUSIONES: El método de ultracentrifugación en gradientede densidad isopícnico propuesto es sencillo y fiable,permite separar las tres principales lipoproteínas (HDL, LDL yVLDL) y cuantificar independientemente en cada una de ellascolesterol y triglicéridos, en un único paso, en sólo 55 minutosy con un volumen de muestra mínimo (1ml). Lo consideramosun método útil cuando los métodos directos no son suficientementeexactos y cuando se necesita cuantificar los triglicéridos

OBJECTIVE, Adaptation of the ultracentrifugation metodologyin isopicnic density gradient with a vertical rotor to get theanalytical isolation of the three main lipoproteins for clinicaluse.DESIGN AND METHOD, Blood samples were obtained from337 subjects admitted at our Hospital. Sera were adjusted to1.210 kg/L density with KBr and filled with a 1.006 kg/L densityKBr solution. Tubes were processed in L-80 Beckman ultracentrifugeusing a VTi 65.2 rotor at 416 000g for 55 min at10ºC. RESULTS, HDL fraction was collected from initial until upto 1.7 mL, LDL fraction in the following 2.5 mL and VLDL fractionin the last 0.9 mL.The intraassay CVw were 0.71-11.41% and the interassayCVb, 1.53-11.11%. The correlation coefficients fluctuatedbetween 0.707-0.982.CONCLUSIONS, We propose a modified isopicnic densitygradient ultracentrifugation method that is both an easy and reliable technique, which separates and quantifies cholesteroland triglycerides in the three main lipoproteins (HDL, LDL andVLDL) independently, in one step, in a short time (55 min) andwith a minimal sample volume (1 mL).Therefore it is an useful method when direct methods are notaccurate enough and when quantification of triglycerides is needed

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Fundamento y objetivo: El hallazgo de proteinuria debe ir seguido de un diagnóstico diferencial para determinar su origen. Nuestro objetivo ha sido valorar los resultados de la implantación por el laboratorio de un algoritmo para el cribado y diagnóstico de la proteinuria. Material y métodos: De un total de 30.718 orinas procesadas, se obtuvo una concentración de proteínas igual o superior a 30 mg/dl en 639, recomendándose el envío de una nueva muestra para confirmación y estudio diferencial de proteinuria. Se recibieron 207, a las que, además de las proteínas totales, se les cuantificaron creatinina, albúmina y alfa-1-microglobulina, junto con los parámetros de la tira reactiva pseudoperoxidasa y esterasa leucocitaria. Estos resultados se incorporaron a un sistema experto (UPES y su aplicación Protis), que permite la diferenciación de hematuria, leucocituria y proteinuria, solicitando la medida de otras pruebas (IgG, alfa-2-macroglobulina, cadenas ligeras kappa/lambda) cuando es necesario. Resultados: De las 207 peticiones recibidas para estudio de proteinuria selectiva, 39 fueron normales, 96 se clasificaron como glomerulopatía primaria, 26 como glomerulopatía secundaria y 5 como nefropatía túbulo-intersticial. Se pudo diferenciar el origen de la hematuria en 58 de estas orinas. Además, detectamos cadenas ligeras libres tipo kappa, confirmadas por inmunofijación, en una muestra de orina de un paciente con un proteinograma normal en suero. Conclusión: Con el algoritmo propuesto, la información obtenida de una muestra de orina aumenta mucho, permitiendo la detección y diferenciación de la proteinuria y aportando sugerencias para la evaluación clínica del paciente

Background and objective: When proteinuria appears, a differential diagnosis must determine its origin. The object of this work has been to evaluate the results after the laboratory implantation of an algorithm for the screening and diagnosis of proteinuria. Material and methods: From a total of 30,718 processed urines, a 30 mg/dl or higher protein concentration was obtained in 639, recommending a new sample to confirm and differenciate proteinuria. We received 207, to which total protein, creatinine, albumin and alpha-1-microglobulin were quantificated, together with pseudoperoxidase and leucocite esterase from dipstick. The results were introduced in an expert system (UPES and its application Protis), allowing differenciate hematuria, leucocituria and proteinuria and suggesting the assessment of other parameters, like IgG, alpha-2-macroglobulin, light chain kappa/lambda, when necessary. Results: From 207 urinalysis assayed for selective proteinuria, 39 were normal, 96 were classified as primary glomerulopathy, 26 as secondary glomerulopathy and 5 as tubulo-interstitial nephropathy. A differential diagnosis of hematuria was made in 58 of these urines. Besides, kappa light chains were detected in a sample from a patient with a normal serum protein graph, which were confirmed by inmune fixation. Conclusion: With the proposed algorithm, the information obtained from a urine sample increases substantially, allowing detection and differentiation of proteinuria and providing suggestions for the clinical evaluation of the patient

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer os índices de infestação natural, o percentual de emergência dos adultos e as espécies de moscas-das-frutas associadas ao umbu-cajá (Spondias sp.) no Recôncavo Baiano. Foram coletadas 49 amostras dos frutos entre os meses de março a julho de 2002, totalizando 4.095 frutos (74,4 kg), dos quais obtiveram-se 30.579 pupários, com emergência de 37,4 por cento de tefritídeos. Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (99,59 por cento) foi a espécie dominante, seguida por A. fraterculus (Wied.) (0,24 por cento) e A. sororcula Zucchi (0,17 por cento). O índice de infestação foi de 410,7 pupários por quilograma de frutos e 7,5 pupários por fruto.

The objective of this work was to quantify the natural infestation, pupal survival and fruit fly species associated to fruits of Spondias sp. in the Recôncavo Baiano, State of Bahia, Brazil. From March to July, 2002, 49 samples of fruits were collected with the total of 4,095 fruits and a biomass of 74.4kg. About 30,579 fruit fly puparia were obtained from which 37.4% yielded adults. Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (99.6%) was the dominant species, followed by A. fraterculus (Wied.) (0.24%) and A. sororcula Zucchi (0.17%). The infestation index was 410,7 pupae for kilogram of fruits and 7.5 pupae per fruit.

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Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal is reported for the first time in “umbucajazeira” fruits (Spondias sp.), in Cruz das Almas, State of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 51 specimens wereobtained from 4,100 fruits between March and July 2002. This is the first record of N. zadolicha in an Anacardiaceae species.

Relata-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal em frutos de umbu-cajazeira (Spondias sp.) no município de Cruz das Almas, BA. O total de 51 exemplaresfoi obtido de 4100 frutos entre março e julho de 2002. Este é o primeiro registro de N. zadolicha em uma espécie de Anacardiaceae.

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Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo en la mayoría de los países la causa principal de mortalidad. El proceso arteriosclerótico es producto de las diversas interacciones entre elementos de la sangre (proteinas, lípidos y células) y la pared arterial. La lesión ateromatosa es morfológicamente distinta según la progresión de la enfermedad coronaria. Las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) son reconocidas como lipoproteínas aterogénicas, especialmente las "LDL modificadas". Estas modificaciones cualitativas (oxidación, glicación, reducción de tamaño, aumento de densidad) están directamente implicadas en el inicio y aceleración del proceso arteriosclerótico y son asimismo responsables de los mecanismos inmunológicos implicados en la patogénesis de la aterosclerosis. En el suero de pacientes diabéticos se han detectado diversos tipos de lipoproteínas modificadas, incluyendo LDL glicadas, oxidadas y glicoxidadas, así como autoanticuerpos e inmunocomplejos que potencian y contribuyen a la aceleración de la aterosclerosis y al consiguiente riesgo incrementado de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares (AU)

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