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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Peru's national folic acid fortification program on folic acid content in wheat flour, and the effect on birth prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Lima, and to compare the program's legislative requirements with international standards. METHODS: Bread was sampled from six sites across Peru and tested for folic acid. Data were obtained from the largest obstetric hospital in Lima on the prevalence of births (live and still) with NTDs during both the pre-fortification period (2004-2005) and post-fortification years (2007-2008). RESULTS: Folic acid content in the sampled bread met national legislative requirements but was less than one-half of the level recommended for Peru by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2.6 mg/kg wheat flour). Birth prevalence of NTDs was 18.4/10 000 in the pre-fortification period and 20.0/10 000 during post-fortification years. Relative risk for NTDs after fortification was 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.77-1.35, P = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Peruvian legislative requirements for folic acid fortification are below international (WHO) recommendations; birth prevalence of NTDs in Lima is higher than international benchmarks; and no decrease in NTDs following fortification of flour with folic acid (according to Peruvian national standards) was observed. As increasing the level of folic acid in flour remains the most sustainable way of preventing NTDs, it is recommended that Peru increase its folic acid fortification requirements to meet those recommended by WHO (2.6 mg/kg).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la repercusión que el programa nacional del Perú de fortificación con ácido fólico tiene en el contenido de ácido fólico de la harina de trigo y en la prevalencia de nacimientos de niños con defectos del tubo neural en Lima, así como comparar los requisitos legislativos del programa con las normas internacionales. MÉTODOS: Se hizo un muestreo del pan en seis zonas de Perú y se analizó su contenido de ácido fólico. Se obtuvieron datos del mayor hospital obstétrico de Lima referentes a la prevalencia de nacimientos de niños vivos o mortinatos con defectos del tubo neural durante el período anterior a la fortificación (2004-2005) y el posterior a la misma (2007-2008). RESULTADOS: El contenido de ácido fólico en las muestras de pan obtenidas satisfizo los requisitos legislativos nacionales, si bien fue inferior a la mitad de la concentración que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda para el Perú (2,6 mg/kg de harina de trigo). La prevalencia de nacimientos de niños con defectos del tubo neural fue de 18,4/10 000 en el período anterior a la fortificación y de 20,0/10 000 en los años posteriores a la fortificación. El riesgo relativo de los defectos del tubo neural después de la fortificación fue de 1,02 (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,77-1,35; P = 0,90). CONCLUSIONES: Los valores que la legislación peruana exige en lo que respecta a la fortificación con ácido fólico son inferiores a los que se recomiendan internacionalmente (OMS). La prevalencia de nacimientos de niños con defectos del tubo neural en Lima es superior a las cifras de referencia internacionales. Por otra parte, no se observó ninguna disminución de los defectos del tubo neural después de fortificar la harina con ácido fólico (según los valores normalizados nacionales peruanos). Dado que el aumento de la concentración de ácido fólico en la harina sigue siendo la manera más sostenible de prevenir los defectos del tubo neural, se recomienda que el Perú haga más estrictos los requisitos relativos a la fortificación con ácido fólico para ajustarse a los valores recomendados por la OMS (2,6 mg/kg).

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RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Peru's national folic acid fortification program on folic acid content in wheat flour, and the effect on birth prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Lima, and to compare the program's legislative requirements with international standards. METHODS: Bread was sampled from six sites across Peru and tested for folic acid. Data were obtained from the largest obstetric hospital in Lima on the prevalence of births (live and still) with NTDs during both the pre-fortification period (2004-2005) and post-fortification years (2007-2008). RESULTS: Folic acid content in the sampled bread met national legislative requirements but was less than one-half of the level recommended for Peru by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2.6 mg/kg wheat flour). Birth prevalence of NTDs was 18.4/10 000 in the pre-fortification period and 20.0/10 000 during post-fortification years. Relative risk for NTDs after fortification was 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.77-1.35, P = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Peruvian legislative requirements for folic acid fortification are below international (WHO) recommendations; birth prevalence of NTDs in Lima is higher than international benchmarks; and no decrease in NTDs following fortification of flour with folic acid (according to Peruvian national standards) was observed. As increasing the level of folic acid in flour remains the most sustainable way of preventing NTDs, it is recommended that Peru increase its folic acid fortification requirements to meet those recommended by WHO (2.6 mg/kg).

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