RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with early and advanced stage Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed at Kocatepe University Neurology Department in Turkey, comprised 46 PD patients and 46 controls. Hoehn-Yahr (HY) scale was used to evaluate the clinical stages of PD and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used to evaluate the severity of clinical signs. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and neuropsychiatric findings were evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). RESULTS: Significant difference was determined between BDI values of patients (13.28 ± 9.04) and control group (9.71 ± 5.19) (P = 0.02). Significant difference was determined with SANS (23.84 ± 15.42, 2.58 ± 3.13, P < 0.001) but not with SAPS (1.36 ± 4.16, 0.15 ± 0.43, P = 0.07). The patients were evaluated according to the HY stages and there was no significant difference between mild and severe symptom groups in respect of BDI, SAPS, and SANS values (P = 0.91, P = 0.31, and P = 0.29). According to gender, no significant difference was found between groups in respect of BDI, SAPS, and SANS values (P = 0.60, P = 0.54, and P = 0.67). No correlation was found between BDI, SAPS, SANS values, and HY stages. CONCLUSION: Higher rates of depression and negative symptoms were observed in patients with PD compared with healthy individuals. Results did not differ with different stages of PD. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that neuropsychiatric symptoms can be seen from the early stages of the disease and should be treated earlier.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicología , Anciano , Depresión/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a pathology arising from the reduction in flow rate of vertebral arteries and mainly caused by inflammation and atherosclerosis. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a marker which has been recently recognized as a marker of inflammation and atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the relationship between GGT levels and VBI for the first time. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, of 3100 subjects who had vertebrobasilar doppler ultrasonography (VBU) were evaluated and 1042 of them who met the inclusion criterias were included. VBU reports, GGT levels, blood chemistry, lipid profile were received from patients' files. Patients were evaluated according to VBU measurements and divided into two groups,VBI and non-VBI. RESULTS: Mean vertebral arterial blood flow volume values were 149.99±32.93 mL/m in VBI group and 286.88 ± 70.98 mL/m in non-VBI group. Mean GGT and CRP values were significantly higher in the VBI group than in the non-VBY group (p < 0.001) ( p < 0.001), respectively. Vertebral artery blood flow volume was negatively correlated with GGT (r: -0.208, p < 0.001) and CRP (r: -0.119, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a significant correlation between serum GGT levels and VBI. In addition, higher GGT level was an independent risk factor for the presence of vertebrobasilar system inflammation and atherosclerosis (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 27).
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Arteriosclerosis/diagnóstico , Arteria Vertebral/patología , Insuficiencia Vertebrobasilar/diagnóstico por imagen , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Ecoencefalografía , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Turquía , Ultrasonografía Doppler , Arteria Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Vertebral/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Vertebrobasilar/fisiopatología , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/sangreRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and vitamin D, nerve growth factor (NGF) and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with type 1 diabetes were included in the study. All patients were evaluated for DPN with Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid parameters, 25 (OH) D3, NGF, total oxidant status, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress index were measured. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (27 %) had DPN (group 1) and 70 patients did not have neuropathy (group 2). When the groups were evaluated with respect to general demographic characteristics, no differences were detected. Mean age, duration of diabetes and retinopathy were found significantly higher in patients who had neuropathy. Glomerular filtration rate levels were significantly lower in the neuropathy group. Between the groups, 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the neuropathy group, while there were no differences in NGF levels or in oxidative stress markers. Michigan neuropathy examination score was positively correlated with age, and diabetes duration was negatively correlated with 25 (OH) vitamin D levels. In addition, 25 (OH) vitamin D was positively correlated with NGF. In the logistic regression analysis to determine the independent variables that will affect the development of neuropathy, duration of diabetes was detected as the only factor (p = 0.039, OR = 1.071). CONCLUSION: It seems that the most important risk factor for the development of neuropathy in type 1 diabetic patients is disease duration.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicaciones , Neuropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Vitamina D/farmacología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Neuropatías Diabéticas/sangre , Neuropatías Diabéticas/etiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Riesgo , Vitamina D/sangreAsunto(s)
Embarazo Ectópico/etiología , Esterilización Tubaria/efectos adversos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Women may experience some mental and sexual problems between the ages of 40 years and 60 years due to serious changes in the hormonal system. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the changes in sex hormones, sexual behaviours, depression and anxiety levels of women who were in either the premenopausal, perimenopausal or postmenopausal period. The subjects of this cross-sectional study consisted of 324 women who attended the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Out-Patient Ward of Celal Bayar University Hospital. Of this group, 37.0% (n = 124) were postmenopausal, 27.2% (n = 84) perimenopausal and 35.8% (n = 116) premenopausal. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI-I and II) and a questionnaire on sexual behaviour which was prepared for this study by the authors, were applied to all of the attendees and serum sex hormone levels were analyzed. Beck Depression Anxiety, STAI-I and STAI-II scores and sexual behaviours did not show any statistically significant difference among these three groups. The frequency of sexual intercourse was lower in women with high BDI scores. The rate of painful intercourse was higher in women with high STAI-I scores. The frequency of sexual intercourse, sexual desire and orgasm decreased and painful intercourse increased in women with high STAI-II scores. The frequency of sexual intercourse decreased significantly as the age or follicle stimulating hormone level of women increased. These findings have revealed that the menopausal state did not affect the sexual behaviour, and psychological state of women between the ages of 40 and 60 years, but the increase in anxiety and depression scores affected the sexual life in a negative manner.
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Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/fisiopatología , Depresión/psicología , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/fisiología , Menopausia/fisiología , Menopausia/psicología , Sexualidad/fisiología , Sexualidad/psicología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Ansiedad/metabolismo , Coito/fisiología , Coito/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/metabolismo , Femenino , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/metabolismo , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/metabolismo , Humanos , Hormona Luteinizante/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Estadística como Asunto , Turquía , Salud de la MujerRESUMEN
Women may experience some mental and sexual problems between the ages of 40 years and 60 years due to serious changes in the hormonal system. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the changes in sex hormones, sexual behaviours, depression and anxiety levels of women who were in either the premenopausal, perimenopausal or postmenopausal period. The subjects of this cross-sectional study consisted of 324 women who attended the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Out-Patient Ward of Celal Bayar University Hospital. Of this group, 37.0 (n = 124) were postmenopausal, 27.2 (n = 84) perimenopausal and 35.8 (n = 116) premenopausal. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI-I and II) and a questionnaire on sexual behaviour which was prepared for this study by the authors, were applied to all of the attendees and serum sex hormone levels were analyzed. Beck Depression Anxiety, STAI-I and STAI-II scores and sexual behaviours did not show any statistically significant difference among these three groups. The frequency of sexual intercourse was lower in women with high BDI scores. The rate of painful intercourse was higher in women with high STAI-I scores. The frequency of sexual intercourse, sexual desire and orgasm decreased and painful intercourse increased in women with high STAI-II scores. The frequency of sexual intercourse decreased significantly as the age or follicle stimulating hormone level of women increased. These findings have revealed that the menopausal state did not affect the sexual behaviour, and psychological state of women between the ages of 40 and 60 years, but the increase in anxiety and depression scores affected the sexual life in a negative manner
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Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/fisiopatología , Depresión/psicología , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/fisiología , Menopausia/fisiología , Menopausia/psicología , Sexualidad/fisiología , Sexualidad/psicología , Hormona Folículo Estimulante , Ansiedad/metabolismo , Coito/fisiología , Coito/psicología , Depresión/metabolismo , Estadística , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Edad , Hormona Luteinizante/metabolismo , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/metabolismo , Psicometría , Salud de la Mujer , TurquíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of hormone replacement therapy on neural transmission in postmenopausal women using tibolone by a non-invasive, objective way. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomised, 3 cycle, placebo-controlled study, neurovisual transmission in optic pathways were evaluated by measuring visual evoked potentials (VEP). After neuroophtalmologic examination, eligible subjects were randomised into two groups. Treatment group (n=38) were given tibolone 2.5mg daily continuously for 3 months and control group (n=20) were treated with placebo. A baseline VEP measurement before the treatment and then at the end of first, second and third month were obtained by the EMG-evoked system in the Department of Neurology, University of Celal Bayar, Manisa, Turkey. RESULTS: Data from 31 women from treatment group and 16 from control group were available for evaluation. The mean P(100) latency values, which indicate the transition time period between the optic stimuli and electrical change recorded on the occipital area by the skin electrodes, have showed a significant decrease for the study group (from 100.39+/-0.58 to 97.90+/-0.65 ms, P<0.01) at the end of the first month of treatment according to the baseline values. This difference between two groups has remained constant during the study period. CONCLUSION: The change in latency measurements of VEP, reflecting the functional status in optic pathways from retina to occipital cortex were significantly different in the treatment group than in that of control. We concluded that a facilitating effect of tibolone was observed on neurovisual transmission.
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Anabolizantes/uso terapéutico , Potenciales Evocados Visuales/efectos de los fármacos , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas , Norpregnenos/uso terapéutico , Posmenopausia , Anabolizantes/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Norpregnenos/farmacología , Lóbulo Occipital/fisiología , Placebos , Retina/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Visuales/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Visuales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the association of HLA class II alleles with pars planitis. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 28 patients with pars planitis seen in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Barnes Retina Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. RESULTS: HLA-DR15, one of the allelic subtypes of HLA-DR2, was present in 18 (64.3%) of 28 patients vs. 10 (20%) of 50 controls (OR = 7.20, CI = 2.28--23.20, P =.0001). HLA-DR51 (HLA-DRB 5) was present in 16 (57.1%) of 28 patients vs. 6 (12%) of 50 controls (OR = 9.78, CI = 2.79--36.42, P =.0001). HLA-DR17 was present in eight (28.6%) of 28 patients vs. one (2%) of 50 controls (OR = 19.60, CI = 2.29--886.7, P =.0001). CONCLUSION: Pars planitis is associated with an increased frequency of the HLA-DR2 suballele, -DR15, HLA-DR51, and HLA-DR17. These results suggest an immunogenic predisposition exists to pars planitis.
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Genes MHC Clase II , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Pars Planitis/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , ADN/análisis , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genes MHC Clase II/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
We describe a woman in whom bilateral orbital hemorrhage occurred during labor. She developed sudden proptosis and complete loss of vision bilaterally. After a stillbirth, she underwent total hysterectomy because of atonic uterus and postpartum hemorrhage. The location of the hematomas was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical resolution occurred in one month but both eyes remained blind. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral atrophy of the optic discs.
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Complicaciones del Trabajo de Parto , Atrofia Óptica/etiología , Hemorragia Retrobulbar/etiología , Adulto , Exoftalmia/diagnóstico , Exoftalmia/etiología , Femenino , Muerte Fetal , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Atrofia Óptica/diagnóstico , Embarazo , Hemorragia Retrobulbar/diagnóstico , Maniobra de Valsalva , Trastornos de la Visión/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Visión/etiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of complications and the visual outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with retained lens fragments in the vitreous cavity after phacoemulsification. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 85 patients who underwent vitrectomy for removal of retained lens fragments at the Barnes Retinal Institute/Washington University Medical Center between 1990 and 1998. RESULTS: At the time of presentation, uveitis (n = 57, 67.1%), increased intraocular pressure >25 mmHg (n = 44, 51.8%), and corneal edema (n = 42, 49.4%) were frequently observed. The initial visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in 61 (71.8%) eyes. However, the final visual acuity after vitrectomy, with 10.1 months follow-up, was 20/40 or better in 44 (51.8%) eyes. The major complication observed was retinal detachment, which was present in seven (8.2%) eyes: four before vitrectomy and three after vitrectomy. Visual outcome after vitrectomy and cataract extraction was compared among three groups based on the timing of the second surgery: < or =7 days postcataract extraction; 8-30 days postcataract extraction; and >30 days postcataract extraction. No statistically significant difference in final visual acuity was observed between the three intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The major complication associated with vitrectomy for retained lens fragments in the vitreous cavity after phacoemulsification was retinal detachment. The timing of vitrectomy did not affect the final visual acuity outcome. Visual prognosis was most closely related to the presence of age-related macular degeneration and cystoid macular edema. The type of intraocular lens did not influence the visual outcome. Management with vitrectomy yielded favorable visual results in most patients with retained lens fragments.
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Subluxación del Cristalino/cirugía , Facoemulsificación/efectos adversos , Vitrectomía , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Presión Intraocular , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias , Subluxación del Cristalino/etiología , Masculino , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Agudeza VisualRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of diltiazem on wound healing after the creation of conjunctival flaps in rabbit eyes. Also, to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rabbits after subconjunctival and topical administration. METHODS: For the histopathological study, a limbal-based flap was prepared and diltiazem was injected subconjunctivally for five days after the surgery. The rabbits were euthanised 20 days after surgery. The effectiveness of diltiazem on wound healing was evaluated by histopathological examination and measurement of the thickness of subconjunctival fibrous tissue. For the pharmacokinetic study, diltiazem was applied topically or injected subconjunctivally. Aqueous paracenteses were performed 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours thereafter. RESULTS: The histopathological study found no difference in thickness of the subconjunctival fibrous tissue in control and diltiazem-treated eyes. No significant toxicity was observed in eyes treated with diltiazem. The peak aqueous concentration was 3.8 +/- 0.4 microg/ml after topical application and 15.3 +/- 1.1 microg/ml after subconjunctival injection. The peak aqueous concentration was achieved 1/2 hours after administration in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Diltiazem did not appear to affect wound healing at the dose tested. Topical and subconjunctival diltiazem successfully penetrated the aqueous humor of rabbit eyes.
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Humor Acuoso/metabolismo , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacocinética , Conjuntiva/metabolismo , Diltiazem/farmacología , Diltiazem/farmacocinética , Animales , Segmento Anterior del Ojo/metabolismo , Segmento Anterior del Ojo/patología , Cuerpo Ciliar/metabolismo , Cuerpo Ciliar/patología , Conjuntiva/efectos de los fármacos , Conejos , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Titanium has been widely used in dental implantology. However, problems remain for use of titanium in prosthodontics. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the marginal and inner fit of metal-ceramic restorations and frameworks made with a nickel-chromium alloy (Remanium CS) and a commercially pure titanium (Rematitan). Fit was compared with SEM before and after firing of ceramic materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen metal frameworks were cast with each casting material, 8 frameworks were used directly to evaluate measurements for fit (RCS: Remanium CS frameworks and TI: Rematitan frameworks). Porcelain was applied on the other 8 frameworks (RCSP: Remanium CS-porcelain and TIP: Rematitan-porcelain), fired, and then the fit was measured. Measurements were recorded at 3 points for marginal fit evaluation and at 3 points for inner fit. RESULTS: Significant differences were recorded among the occlusal (JK) values of groups tested (P <.05). Marginal fit and inner fit of Remanium CS frameworks were better than Rematitan frameworks. However, there were no substantial differences detected among groups after firing the ceramic superstructures. CONCLUSION: The fit of the base metal alloy metal-ceramic crowns was better than the commercially pure titanium metal-ceramic crowns. However, both artificial crowns were clinically acceptable.
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Aleaciones de Cromo/química , Coronas , Aleaciones de Cerámica y Metal/química , Titanio/química , Análisis de Varianza , Cerámica/química , Revestimiento para Colado Dental/química , Porcelana Dental/química , Diseño de Prótesis Dental , Calor , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Propiedades de Superficie , Preparación Protodóncica del DienteRESUMEN
The objective of the study was to determine the changes in the plasma activities of protein C and protein S that occur during normal pregnancy In this prospective cross-sectional study, plasma activities of protein C and protein S were measured in 32 normal pregnant women in the first, second and third trimester and 6 weeks after delivery There was a significant fall in protein C and protein S activities during normal pregnancy compared with the post-puerperal period. The activities of protein C and protein S also gradually decreased throughout pregnancy (p < 0.01). Increasing plasma volume during normal pregnancy and its dilutional effect might play some role in the low activities of protein S observed. The normal falls in protein S and protein C activities make it difficult to diagnose protein S and C deficiency during pregnancy. Based on our findings, if a woman has a thromboembolic event during pregnancy, testing for a definitive diagnosis of protein C or protein S deficiency or functional failure should be delayed until at least 6 weeks postpartum.
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Embarazo/sangre , Proteína C/metabolismo , Proteína S/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Volumen Plasmático , Periodo Posparto/sangre , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/sangre , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo/sangre , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo/sangre , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Proteína C/análisis , Deficiencia de Proteína C/sangre , Deficiencia de Proteína C/diagnóstico , Proteína S/análisis , Deficiencia de Proteína S/sangre , Deficiencia de Proteína S/diagnóstico , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Tromboembolia/sangre , Tromboembolia/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Porcelain was applied to 30 titanium and 30 Remanium CS disc-shaped frameworks in order to investigate the microleakage. Each group was divided to three subgroups each containing 10 specimens and representing the different firing cycles (10 specimens for opaque + dentine; 10 specimens for opaque + dentine + enamel; and 10 specimens for opaque + dentine + enamel porcelain + glaze application). All the specimens were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 2 weeks and subjected to 100 thermocycles between 5 and 55 degrees C with 30 s dwell time. The specimens were then stored in 5% basic fuchsin dye for 2 days. The washed, rinsed and air dried specimens were embedded in autopolymerizing resin and sectioned diametrically. The stereoptical investigations were performed by three independent investigators. The data were analysed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. The statistical analysis revealed that the different number of firings does not affect the amount of microleakage. However, it should be emphasized that the use of titanium would be beneficial regarding the relatively lower values obtained from the titanium-porcelain group.
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Filtración Dental , Aleaciones de Cerámica y Metal , Porcelana Dental , Diseño de Prótesis Dental , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , TitanioRESUMEN
The effects of pregnancy on sexuality were studied in 158 pregnant women. They were surveyed by questionnaire about sociodemographic variables and sexual behaviour. Dyspareunia was common in our study group during pregnancy. Pregnancy had a negative effect on orgasmic quality. Dyspareunia and orgasmic quality influenced coital frequency. Coital frequency declined as the month of the pregnancy increased. Pregnancy is a potent influence on sexuality irrespective of an individual's conditioning.
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Dispareunia/etiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Embarazo/fisiología , Embarazo/psicología , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Coito , Femenino , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of topical timolol and apraclonidine on retrobulbar blood flow velocity waveforms in a group of healthy volunteers. METHODS: Apraclonidine 1% and timolol maleate 0.5% single dose administrations were crossed over double masked in 12 healthy volunteers. The intraocular pressure measurements were followed by Doppler examination of the ophthalmic artery and the central retinal artery. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was reduced significantly on both treated and fellow eyes after timolol (p = 0.003, p = 0.04 respectively) and after apraclonidine (p = 0.002, p = 0.01 respectively). After apraclonidine administration end diastolic velocity, mean velocity decreased and pulsatility index increased in the ophthalmic artery of both treated and fellow eyes. Resistivity index increased and peak systolic velocity decreased only in the ophthalmic artery of treated eyes. All Doppler indices remained nonsignificant for central retinal artery of both eyes. After timolol administration there were no significant changes of the Doppler indices in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery of the treated and fellow eyes. CONCLUSION: Topical timolol and apraclonidine significantly reduced the intraocular pressure. Single dose administration of apraclonidine 1% increased the vascular impedance distal to the ophthalmic artery. On the other hand, timolol 0.5% had no effect on vascular impedance.