RESUMEN

RESUMEN La necesidad actual de conservar la diversidad en los ecosistemas de páramo frente a las múltiples amenazas que los afectan requiere un rápido reconocimiento de las especies más vulnerables. En este estudio se aplican dos metodologías para la evaluación rápida del estado de riesgo de especies de Angiospermas distribuidas en los seis complejos de páramo de Antioquia, denominados el método de NY y el método de US. Ambos métodos usan datos asociados a colecciones de herbario para estimar de forma preliminar el estado de riesgo de las especies. Con la primera metodología basada en el cálculo de la extensión de presencia (EOO), se encontraron 110 especies potencialmente en riesgo, distribuidas en 29 familias y 57 géneros. Con la segunda metodología basada en datos de año/ fecha de colección, geográficos y de número de colecciones, se encontraron 192 especies "en riesgo" correspondientes a 42 familias y 100 géneros. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser de utilidad en la identificación de áreas prioritarias y la orientación de esfuerzos de conservación hacia las áreas y las especies más vulnerables.

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ABSTRACT The current need to preserve the diversity in the ecosystems of paramo given the multiple threats that affect them, requires a fast recognition of the most vulnerable species. We applied two methodologies for the rapid evaluation of the risk condition of Angiosperm species distributed in six paramo complexes of Antioquia. Both methods use information associated with herbarium collections to obtain a rapid assessment of species at risk. With the first methodology based on the estimation of the extension of presence (EOO), we found 110 species with potential risk of extinction, distributed in 29 families and 57 genera. With the second methodology based on year of collection, geographical data, and number of collections, we found 192 species "at risk" corresponding to 42 families and 100 genera. The results present here can be useful for the identification of priority areas and the orientation of the efforts of conservation towards those areas and the most vulnerable species.

RESUMEN

Neotropical rainforests cover about half of the world's tropical rainforests and house most of the biodiversity available on Earth. Australasia has been suggested as a potential source for Neotropical diversity. However, it remains unclear whether megathermal lineages could indeed have migrated to South America though Antarctica. The Neotropical Anomospermeae (Menispermaceae) consists of large, canopy lianas and is entirely restricted to tropical lowland rainforests. The sister relationship identified between this group and its Australasian ally represents an excellent model to test hypotheses regarding past connections between those landmasses. In this study, we used six chloroplast and two nuclear DNA markers to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the Neotropical Anomospermeae (Menispermaceae). The phylogeny of this group was then used as basis to reconstruct its biogeographical history. The phylogenetic framework reconstructed here strongly supports the monophyly of the Neotropical Anomospermeae and recovers the species of Anomospermum in three different clades: (i) Anomospermum sect. Anomospermum plus Orthomene; (ii) Anomospermum grandifolium and A. solimoesanum (Anomospermum sect. Elissarrhena); and (iii) Anomospermum bolivianum (Anomospermum sect. Elissarrhena). Each of these clades is recognized as a different genus and the necessary taxonomic changes are proposed. Furthermore, the Neotropical Anomospermeae seems to have split from its Australasian sister-group at c. 62 Ma. Ancestral area reconstructions support an Australasian origin for the Neotropical Anomospermeae, providing additional support for the hypothesis that Australasia is a source of Neotropical diversity, with megathermal lineages having dispersed via Antarctica. The Neotropical Anomospermeae differentiated in the late Eocene and subsequently diversified rapidly into seven lineages, suggesting that Neotropical lowland rainforests resembling modern rainforests physiognomically and structurally might not have developed until the late Eocene. The Neotropical Anomospermeae exemplifies the contributions of Australasian migration to Neotropical diversity.

Asunto(s)

Sitios Genéticos , Menispermaceae/clasificación , Menispermaceae/genética , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Clima Tropical , Regiones Antárticas , Australasia , Biodiversidad , Núcleo Celular/genética , Variación Genética , Funciones de Verosimilitud , América del Sur , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

The new species Cissampelos arenicola M. Nee & R. Ortiz, from the Bolivian and Paraguayan Chaco is described, its affinities are discussed, and its preliminary conservation status is evaluated. The species is at present known from 13 collections from sand dunes or dry forests. Cissampelos arenicola is distinguished from all other American species in the genus by its ovate- to subreniform-trilobed leaves, 8-locular synandria, and relatively large, and scarcely ornamented endocarps. The most common perianth condition in the pistillate flowers of Cissampelos is one sepal and one antesepalous petal, and while these may vary in number, they are always found adaxial to the carpel, and although the southern African taxon called Cissampelos capensis, whose generic position is uncertain, superficially resembles Cissampelos arenicola, its sepals and petals are consistently lateral to the carpel and not adaxial.