RESUMEN
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, an inflammatory process related to an increased rate of HIV transmission. In order to study T. vaginalis infection response in a microorganism-free environment, an infection model was established providing a hostparasite interaction system useful to study the interplay between immune cells and the parasite. Infected mice peritoneal cells were immunophenotyped at different times after infection using flow cytometry. Neutrophils and macrophages showed the most relevant increase from third to 12th day post-infection. A high number of B lymphocytes were present on 15th day post-infection, and an increase in memory T cells was observed on sixth day post-infection. The levels of NO increased at day 10 post-infection; no significant influence was observed on T. vaginalis clearance. Increased viability of T. vaginalis was observed when the NETs inhibitors, metformin and Cl− amidine, were administrated, highlighting the importance of this mechanism to control parasite infection (43 and 86%, respectively). This report presents a comprehensive cell count of the immune cells participating against trichomoniasis in an in vivo interaction system. These data highlight the relevance of innate mechanisms such as specific population changes of innate immune cells and their impact on the T. vaginalis viability.
Asunto(s)
Tricomoniasis , Trichomonas vaginalis , Animales , Cinética , Ratones , Neutrófilos , PeritoneoRESUMEN
Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is a flagellated parasite commonly spread through sexual transmission. This protozoan initiates a severe inflammatory process, inducing nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-22 production by host immune cells. The parasites elicit these responses by releasing surface lipophosphoglycan, small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and other factors. Tv exosomes are similar to mammalian exosomes and have been implicated in the modulation of IL-8 secretion by epithelial cells. Here, we report that exosome-like vesicles from T. vaginalis (Tv-ELVs) induced a more than 15-fold increase in IL-10 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages but only a two fold increase in IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels measured by RT-PCR. Because Tv-ELVs modulated the macrophage response, we also explored the effect of Tv-ELVs in a murine model of infection. Pretreatment with Tv-ELVs significantly increased IL-10 production as measured in vaginal washes by days 8 and 16 post-infection. Remarkably, Tv-ELVs-pretreated mice exhibited a decrease in IL-17 production and a significant decrease in vulvar inflammation. In addition, IL-6 and IL-13 were decreased during infection. Our results suggest that Tv-ELVs have an immunomodulatory role on the cytokine profile induced by the parasite and promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in mice infected with T. vaginalis.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/metabolismo , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/inmunología , Trichomonas vaginalis/inmunología , Animales , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Exosomas/inmunología , Femenino , Glicoesfingolípidos , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/parasitología , Activación de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Vulva/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Giardia intestinalis is a pathogen associated with foodborne outbreaks and Escherichia coli is commonly used as a marker of faecal contamination. Implementation of routine identification methods of G. intestinalis is difficult for the analysis of vegetables and the microbiological detection of E. coli requires several days. This study proposes a PCR-based assay for the detection of E. coli and G. intestinalis cysts using crude DNA isolated from artificially contaminated lettuce. The G. intestinalis and E. coli PCR assays targeted the ß-giardin and uidA genes, respectively, and were 100% specific. Forty lettuces from local markets were analysed by both PCR and light microscopy and no cysts were detected, the calculated detection limit was 20 cysts per gram of lettuce; however, by PCR, E. coli was detected in eight of ten randomly selected samples of lettuce. These data highlight the need to validate procedures for routine quality assurance. These PCR-based assays can be employed as alternative methods for the detection of G. intestinalis and E. coli and have the potential to allow for the automation and simultaneous detection of protozoa and bacterial pathogens in multiple samples. Significance and impact of the study: There are few studies for Giardia intestinalis detection in food because methods for its identification are difficult for routine implementation. Here, we developed a PCR-based method as an alternative to the direct observation of cysts in lettuce by light microscopy. Additionally, Escherichia coli was detected by PCR and the sanitary quality of lettuce was evaluated using molecular and standard microbiological methods. Using PCR, the detection probability of Giardia cysts inoculated onto samples of lettuce was improved compared to light microscopy, with the advantage of easy automation. These methods may be employed to perform timely and affordable detection of foodborne pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli/genética , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Giardia lamblia/genética , Lactuca/microbiología , Lactuca/parasitología , Quistes , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Protozoario/análisis , ADN Protozoario/genética , Heces/microbiología , Heces/parasitología , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Parasitología de Alimentos/métodos , Glucuronidasa/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Proteínas Protozoarias/genéticaRESUMEN
Se presenta un caso de hemobilia postraumática con fistula arteriobiliar; se comenta la sintomatologia del cuadro clinico; se mencionan los medios diagnosticos para esta patologia rara; se preconiza el tratamiento por embolizacion selectiva y se hace una revision de la literatura sobre el tema, en la que se informa sobre 73 casos publicados hasta 1981 (4).
Asunto(s)
Fístula Biliar/cirugía , Fístula Biliar/complicaciones , Hemobilia , Heridas y LesionesRESUMEN
La quimiohipertermia intraperitoneal (ITCH) con Mitomicina C (MMC) fue usada en el tratamiento de 7 pacientes con cancer gastrointestinal avanzado y carcinomatosis peritoneal. La reseccion primaria del tumor fue posible en 2 casos. La IPCH se realizo despues del cierre de la pared abdominal durante 90 y 120 minutos bajo anestesia general con previa hipotermia a 32º Celsius, a traves de un circuito cerrado formado con 3 drenajes de silicona intraperitoneal; se uso concentracion de 10 mg/L de MMC en 6000 mL de liquido precalentado a 46-49º Celsius. No observamos ni mortalidad ni morbilidad. Otros autores han informado efectos biologicos secundarios ligeros y temporales; no hubo celulas malignas en el liquido ascitico despues de la IPCH. Igualmente observamos en 6 pacientes un incremento en el indice de Karnofsky, 3 y 7 meses despues de la IPCH. Estos resultados nos permiten confirmar que la IPCH con MMC es un metodo sin riesgo, que puede ser usado en el tratamiento del cancer gastrointestinal avanzado con carcinomatosis peritoneal.