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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

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INTRODUCTION: Outcomes from diabetic foot infections (DFIs) at the major referral hospital (Hospital Nacional de San Benito) in El Petén, Guatemala have not been analyzed. We hypothesized that poor diabetic control might be associated with a high rate of major lower extremity amputations (mLEAs; above the ankle). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis at Hospital Nacional de San Benito between (8/14 and 6/23) in patients presenting with DFIs. Patients receiving mLEAs were compared with all others (AO = [trans-metatarsal amputations, toe amputations, incision and drainage, and antibiotic treatment]). Interviews surgeons were undertaken to ascertain reasons for index operation choice. Univariable and multivariable analyses were undertaken to determine factors associated with mLEAs. RESULTS: Of 110 patients with DFIs, there were 23 mLEAs (above the knee = 21, below the knee = 2). Age, duration with diabetes, and a prior ipsilateral minor amputation were associated with mLEAs. Multivariable analysis identified white blood cell count as significant for mLEA (odds ratio = 1.5 95% confidence interval [1.0 to 2.5]). Cited reasons for a high rate of above the knee amputation (AKAs) versus below the knee amputation were patient related (advanced disease, patient frailty, and poor compliance), systemic (lack of vascular equipment and knee immobilizer), and surgeon related. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of patients presented with an average of 15 years with diabetes mellitus and poor adherence to diabetic treatment (40%). Many of these diabetic patients developed a DFI requiring mLEAs (21%), most of which were AKAs (91%). Efforts to minimize the number of AKA versus below the knee amputation require immediate attention. Programs to adhere to DM control and foot care in patients with DM are urgently needed.

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Amputación Quirúrgica , Pie Diabético , Humanos , Pie Diabético/cirugía , Amputación Quirúrgica/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Guatemala/epidemiología , Anciano , Hospitales de Condado/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Extremidad Inferior/cirugía , Factores de Riesgo

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INTRODUCTION: Outcomes from trauma at the major referral hospital [Hospital Nacional de San Benito (HNSB)] in El Petén, Guatemala, have not been analyzed. Empirical evidence demonstrated a high number of motorcycle accidents (MAs). We hypothesized a large incidence of head trauma with poor outcomes in MAs compared to all other forms of blunt trauma. METHODS: Our hypothesis was tested by performing a community observational study and a retrospective chart review in El Petén, Guatemala. An independent observer catalogued 100 motorcycle riders on the streets of El Petén for riding practices as well as helmet utilization. HNSB does not have electronic medical records. For this study, we performed a retrospective chart review of randomly selected nonconsecutive trauma admission at HNSB between March 2018 and June 2023. Blunt trauma was compared between MAs versus all others. Variables were examined by parametric and nonparametric tests as well as contingency table analyses. RESULTS: Most motorcycles riders involved multiple individuals (2.61 ± 0.79/motorcycle). Seventy riders included children (median = 1.0 [Q1-Q3 range = 1.0-3.0]/motorcycle). Overall, only three riders were wearing helmets. Forty-one were women. Of patients presenting to HNSB with trauma, 91 charts were reviewed (33.0 [20.0-37.0] y old; male 89%), 76.7% were blunt, and 23.3% were penetrating trauma. Within blunt trauma, 57.1% were MAs versus 42.9% all others; P = 0.13. MAs were younger (29.5 [20.0-37.0] versus 34.0 [21.8-45.8] y old; P < 0.05) and of similar gender (male 82.5% versus 96.6%; P = 0.1). More MAs had a computed tomography (70.0% versus 30.0%; P < 0.01) and they were more likely to present with head trauma (72.5% versus 46.7%; P = 0.04) but similar Glasgow Coma Scale (15.0 [13.5-15.0] versus 15.0 [12.5-15.0]; P = 0.7). MAs were less likely to require surgical intervention (37.5% versus 56.7%; P = 0.05) but had similar hospital length of stay (4.0 [2-6] versus 4.0 [2-10.5] d; P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Unsafe motorcycle practices in El Petén are staggering. Most trauma at HNSB is blunt, and likely from MAs. More patients with MAs presented with head trauma. However, severe trauma might be transferred to higher level hospitals or mortality might occur on scene, which will need further investigations. Assessment of mortality from trauma admissions is ongoing. These findings should lead to enforcement of safe motorcycle practices in El Petén, Guatemala.

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Accidentes de Tránsito , Dispositivos de Protección de la Cabeza , Motocicletas , Humanos , Motocicletas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Guatemala/epidemiología , Adulto , Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Dispositivos de Protección de la Cabeza/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Incidencia , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/epidemiología , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/etiología , Heridas no Penetrantes/epidemiología , Heridas no Penetrantes/etiología , Lactante

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When colonizing new ranges, plant populations may benefit from the absence of the checks imposed by the enemies, herbivores, and pathogens that regulated their numbers in their original range. Therefore, rates of plant damage or infestation by natural enemies are expected to be lower in the new range. Exposing both non-native and native plant populations in the native range, where native herbivores are present, can be used to test whether resistance mechanisms have diverged between populations. Datura stramonium is native to the Americas but widely distributed in Spain, where populations show lower herbivore damage than populations in the native range. We established experiments in two localities in the native range (Mexico), exposing two native and two non-native D. stramonium populations to natural herbivores. Plant performance differed between the localities, as did the abundance of the main specialist herbivore, Lema daturaphila. In Teotihuacán, where L. daturaphila is common, native plants had significantly more adult beetles and herbivore damage than non-native plants. The degree of infestation by the specialist seed predator Trichobaris soror differed among populations and between sites, but the native Ticumán population always had the lowest level of infestation. The Ticumán population also had the highest concentration of the alkaloid scopolamine. Scopolamine was negatively related to the number of eggs deposited by L. daturaphila in Teotihuacán. There was among-family variation in herbivore damage (resistance), alkaloid content (scopolamine), and infestation by L. daturaphila and T. soror, indicating genetic variation and potential for further evolution. Although native and non-native D. stramonium populations have not yet diverged in plant resistance/constitutive defense, the differences between ranges (and the two experimental sites) in the type and abundance of herbivores suggest that further research is needed on the role of resource availability and adaptive plasticity, specialized metabolites (induced, constitutive), and the relationship between genealogical origin and plant defense in both ranges.

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Misiones Médicas , Estudiantes de Medicina , Humanos , Guatemala , Pacientes

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In this study we investigate the optical properties of a 2D-gap surface plasmon metasurface composed of gold nanoblocks (nanoantennas) arranged in a metal-dielectric configuration. This novel structure demonstrates the capability of generating simultaneous multi-plasmonic resonances and offers tunability within the near-infrared domain. Through finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, we analyze the metasurface's reflectance spectra for various lattice periods and identify two distinct dips with near-zero reflectance, indicative of resonant modes. Notably, the broader dip at 1150 nm exhibits consistent behavior across all lattice periodicities, attributed to a Fano-type hybridization mechanism originating from the overlap between localized surface plasmons (LSPs) of metallic nanoblocks and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of the underlying metal layer. Additionally, we investigate the influence of dielectric gap thickness on the gap surface plasmon resonance and observe a blue shift for smaller gaps and a spectral red shift for gaps larger than 100 nm. The dispersion analysis of resonance wavelengths reveals an anticrossing region, indicating the hybridization of localized and propagating modes at wavelengths around 1080 nm with similar periodicities. The simplicity and tunability of our metasurface design hold promise for compact optical platforms based on reflection mode operation. Potential applications include multi-channel biosensors, second-harmonic generation, and multi-wavelength surface-enhanced spectroscopy.

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Aluminosilicates are adsorbents able to bind mycotoxins, and their chemical modification increases their affinity to adsorb low-polarity mycotoxins. To further investigate if the inclusion of salts in bentonite modifies its adsorptive capacity, we studied T-2 toxin adsorption in natural bentonite (NB) and when modified with quaternary ammonium salts differing in polarity and chain length: myristyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B14), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (B16) and benzyl dimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride (B18). The results showed that quaternary salts made bentonite: displace monovalent (Na+1, K+1) and divalent (Mg+2, Ca+2) ions; reduce its porosity; change its compaction and structure, becoming more crystalline and ordered; and modify the charge balance of sheets. T-2 adsorption was higher in all modified materials compared to NB (p ≤ 0.0001), and B16 (42.96%) better adsorbed T-2 compared to B18 (35.80%; p = 0.0066). B14 (38.40%) showed no differences compared to B16 and B18 (p > 0.05). We described the T-2 adsorption mechanism in B16, in which hydrogen bond interactions, Van der Waals forces and the replacement of the salt by T-2 were found. Our results showed that interaction types due to the inclusion in B16 might be more important than the hydrocarbon chain length to improve the adsorptive capacity of bentonite.

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Toxina T-2 , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Bentonita/química , Adsorción , Sales (Química) , Cationes , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química

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Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycoestrogen produced by the Fusarium genus. ZEN and its metabolites compete with 17-beta estradiol for cytosolic estrogen receptors, causing reproductive alterations in vertebrates. ZEN has also been associated with toxic and genotoxic effects, as well as an increased risk for endometrial adenocarcinomas or hyperplasia, breast cancer, and oxidative damage, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have monitored cellular processes through levels of transcripts associated with Phase I Xenobiotic Metabolism (Cyp6g1 and Cyp6a2), oxidative stress (hsp60 and hsp70), apoptosis (hid, grim, and reaper), and DNA damage genes (Dmp53). In this study, we evaluated the survival and genotoxicity of ZEN, as well as its effects on emergence rate and fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, we determined levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the D. melanogaster flare and Oregon R(R)-flare strains, which differ in levels of Cyp450 gene expression. Our results showed that ZEN toxicity did not increase mortality by more than 30%. We tested three ZEN concentrations (100, 200, and 400 µM) and found that none of the concentrations were genotoxic but were cytotoxic. Taking into account that it has previously been demonstrated that ZEN administration increased hsp60 expression levels and apoptosis gene transcripts in both strains, the data agree with an increase in ROS and development and fecundity alterations. Since Drosophila lacks homologous genes for mammalian estrogen receptors alpha and beta, the effects of this mycotoxin can be explained by a mechanism different from estrogenic activity.

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Zearalenona , Animales , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Daño del ADN , Fertilidad , Mamíferos/metabolismo

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Introducción: los quistes epidermoides son el tercer tumor más común del ángulo pontocerebeloso (APC). Es infrecuente detectar simultáneamente un colesteatoma infiltrativo del oído medio (OM). Caso clínico: paciente de 51 años acude a urgencias por cefalea hemicraneal intensa, pulsátil secundaria a hidrocefalia aguda, requirió ventriculostomía. En la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral contrastada se reporta una masa en el APC sugestivo de quiste epidermoide y simultáneamente un colesteatoma infiltrativo del OM. La paciente fue intervenida primero con resección de colesteatoma del OM; en un segundo tiempo resección del quiste epidermoide del APC por vía translaberíntica. El posoperatorio la evolución clínica fue satisfactoria. Discusión: los quistes epidermoides del APC son histopatológicamente idénticos al colesteatoma del OM y pueden ser secundarios a estos. Conclusión: se debe individualizar el manejo sin descartar la posibilidad de tener las dos enfermedades de manera simultánea.

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Introduction: cysts are the third most common tumor of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). It is rare to simultaneously detect an infiltrative cholesteatoma of the middle ear (OM). Clinical case: a 51-year-old patient attended the emergency department due to intense throbbing hemicranial headache secondary to acute hydrocephalus, requiring ventriculostomy. Contrast-enhanced cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reported a mass in the APC suggestive of an epidermoid cyst and simultaneously an infiltrative cholesteatoma of the OM. The patient underwent first surgery with resection of the OM cholesteatoma; in a second stage, resection of the epidermoid cyst of the APC through a translabyrinthine approach. The postoperative clinical evolution was satisfactory. Discussion: APC epidermoid cysts are histopathologically identical to OM cholesteatoma and may be secondary to them. Conclusion: management must be individualized without ruling out the possibility of having both diseases simultaneously.

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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Oído , Quiste Epidérmico , Ángulo Pontocerebeloso , Colesteatoma , Cefalea

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There is an expanding market for beer of different flavors. This study aimed to prepare a craft Belgian-style pale ale with a non-Saccharomyces yeast. Pichia kudriavzevii 4A was used as a sole starter culture, and malted barley as the only substrate. The ingredients and brewing process were carefully monitored to ensure the quality and innocuousness of the beverage. During fermentation, the yeast consumed 89.7% of total sugars and produced 13.8% v/v of ethanol. The product was fermented and then aged for 8 days, adjusted to 5% v/v alcohol, and analyzed. There were no traces of mycotoxins, lead, arsenic, methanol, or microbiological contamination that would compromise consumer health. According to the physicochemical analysis, the final ethanol concentration (5.2% v/v) and other characteristics complied with national and international guidelines. The ethyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol present are known to confer sweet and fruity flavors. The sensory test defined the beverage as refreshing and as having an apple and pear flavor, a banana aroma, and a good level of bitterness. The judges preferred it over a commercial reference sample of Belgian-style pale ale made from S. cerevisiae. Hence, P. kudriavzevii 4A has the potential for use in the beer industry.

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered one of the main mycotoxins responsible for health problems and considerable economic losses in the feed industry. The aim was to study OTA's detoxifying potential of commercial protease enzymes: (i) Ananas comosus bromelain cysteine-protease, (ii) bovine trypsin serine-protease and (iii) Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloendopeptidase. In silico studies were performed with reference ligands and T-2 toxin as control, and in vitro experiments. In silico study results showed that tested toxins interacted near the catalytic triad, similar to how the reference ligands behave in all tested proteases. Likewise, based on the proximity of the amino acids in the most stable poses, the chemical reaction mechanisms for the transformation of OTA were proposed. In vitro experiments showed that while bromelain reduced OTA's concentration in 7.64% at pH 4.6; trypsin at 10.69% and the neutral metalloendopeptidase in 8.2%, 14.44%, 45.26% at pH 4.6, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). The less harmful α-ochratoxin was confirmed with trypsin and the metalloendopeptidase. This study is the first attempt to demonstrate that: (i) bromelain and trypsin can hydrolyse OTA in acidic pH conditions with low efficiency and (ii) the metalloendopeptidase was an effective OTA bio-detoxifier. This study confirmed α-ochratoxin as a final product of the enzymatic reactions in real-time practical information on OTA degradation rate, since in vitro experiments simulated the time that food spends in poultry intestines, as well as their natural pH and temperature conditions.

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Micotoxinas , Ocratoxinas , Animales , Bovinos , Ocratoxinas/análisis , Bromelaínas , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Tripsina , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Metaloendopeptidasas

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During fern spore germination, lipid hydrolysis primarily provides the energy to activate their metabolism. In this research, fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic) were quantified in the spores exposed or not to priming (hydration-dehydration treatments). Five fern species were investigated, two from xerophilous shrubland and three from a cloud forest. We hypothesised that during the priming hydration phase, the fatty acids profile would change in concentration, depending on the spore type (non-chlorophyllous and crypto-chlorophyllous). The fatty acid concentration was determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Chlorophyll in spores was vizualised by epifluorescence microscopy and quantified by high-resolution liquid chromatography with a DAD-UV/Vis detector. Considering all five species and all the treatments, the oleic acid was the most catabolised. After priming, we identified two patterns in the fatty acid metabolism: (1) in non-chlorophyllous species, oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were catabolised during imbibition and (2) in crypto-chlorophyllous species, these fatty acids increased in concentration. These patterns suggest that crypto-chlorophyllous spores with homoiochlorophylly (chlorophyll retained after drying) might not require the assembly of new photosynthetic apparatus during dark imbibition. Thus, these spores might require less energy from pre-existing lipids and less fatty acids as 'building blocks' for cell membranes than non-chlorophyllous spores, which require de novo synthesis and structuring of the photosynthetic apparatus.

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Ácidos Grasos , Helechos , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Helechos/metabolismo , Esporas/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Ácido Oléico/metabolismo , Ácidos Esteáricos/metabolismo , Ácido Palmítico/metabolismo

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor orlistat to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs widely used to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. METHODS: The OSCC SCC-9 LN-1 metastatic cell line, which expresses high levels of FASN, was used for drug combination experiments. Cell viability was analyzed by crystal violet staining and automatic cell counting. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin-V/7-AAD and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cyclin B1, Cdc25C, Cdk1, FASN, and ERBB2 levels were assessed by Western blotting. Finally, cell scratch and transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: Inhibition of FASN with orlistat sensitized SCC-9 LN-1 cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and cisplatin, but not 5-fluorouracil, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in cyclin B1. The suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 LN-1 cells induced by orlistat plus cisplatin or paclitaxel was not superior to the effects of chemotherapy drugs alone. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that orlistat enhances the chemosensitivity of SCC-9 LN-1 cells to cisplatin and paclitaxel by downregulating cyclin B1.

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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Neoplasias de la Boca , Humanos , Cisplatino/farmacología , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/uso terapéutico , Orlistat/farmacología , Orlistat/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Ciclina B1/farmacología , Ácido Graso Sintasas/metabolismo , Ácido Graso Sintasas/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Fluorouracilo/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Apoptosis , Proliferación Celular , Acido Graso Sintasa Tipo I

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Although a growing body of evidence demonstrates that altered mtDNA content (mtDNAc) has clinical implications in several types of solid tumours, its prognostic relevance in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) patients remains largely unknown. Here, we show that patients with higher-than-normal mtDNAc had better outcomes regardless of tumour burden. These results were more evident in patients with low-risk of relapse. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that high mtDNAc was independently associated with a decreased cumulative incidence of relapse. Altogether, our data highlights the possible role of mitochondrial metabolism in APL patients treated with ATRA.

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Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda , Humanos , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/genética , Tretinoina/uso terapéutico , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Relevancia Clínica , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento

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Temperature is the main factor that impacts germination and therefore the success of annual crops, such as chia (Salvia hispanica L.), whose seeds are known for their high nutritional value related to its oil. The effect of temperature on germination is related to cardinal-temperature concepts that describe the range of temperature over which seeds of a particular species can germinate. Therefore, in this study, in addition to calculated germinative parameters such as total germination and germination rate of S. hispanica seeds, the effectiveness of non-linear models for estimating the cardinal temperatures of chia seeds was also determined. We observed that germination of S. hispanica occurred in cold to moderate-high temperatures (10-35 °C), having an optimal range between 25 and 35 °C, with the highest GR and t50 at 30 °C. Temperatures higher than 35 °C significantly reduced germination. Output parameters of the different non-linear models showed that the response of chia germination to temperature was best explained by beta models (B). Cardinal temperatures calculated by the B1 model for chia germination were: 2.52 ± 6.82 °C for the base, 30.45 ± 0.32 °C for the optimum, and 48.58 ± 2.93 °C for the ceiling temperature.

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Cedrela odorata is a native tree of economic importance, as its wood is highly demanded in the international market. In this work, the current and future distributions of C. odorata in Mexico under climate change scenarios were analyzed according to their optimal temperature ranges for seed germination. For the present distribution, 256 localities of the species' presence were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database and modelled with MaxEnt. For the potential distribution, the National Center for Atmospheric Research model (CCSM4) was used under conservative and drastic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 Watts/m2, respectively) for the intermediate future (2050) and far future (2070). Potential distribution models were built from occurrence data within the optimum germination temperature range of the species. The potential distribution expanded by 5 and 7.8% in the intermediate and far future, respectively, compared with the current distribution. With the increase in temperature, adequate environmental conditions for the species distribution should be met in the central Mexican state of Guanajuato. The states of Chihuahua, Mexico, Morelos, Guerrero, and Durango presented a negative trend in potential distribution. Additionally, in the far future, the state of Chihuahua it is likely to not have adequate conditions for the presence of the species. For the prediction of the models, the precipitation variable during the driest month presented the greatest contribution. When the humidity is not limiting, the thermal climatic variables are the most important ones. Models based on its thermal niche for seed germination allowed for the identification of areas where temperature will positively affect seed germination, which will help maximize the establishment of plant populations and adaptation to different climate change scenarios.

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Swietenia macrophylla is an economically important tree species propagated by seeds that lose their viability in a short time, making seed germination a key stage for the species recruitment. The objective of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures and thermal time for seed germination of S. macrophylla; and its potential distribution under different climate change scenarios. Seeds were placed in germination chambers at constant temperatures from 5 to 45 °C and their thermal responses modelled using a thermal time approach. In addition, the potential biogeographic distribution was projected according to the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4). Germination rate reached its maximum at 37.3 ± 1.3 °C (To); seed germination decreased to near zero at 52.7 ± 2.2 °C (ceiling temperature, Tc) and at 12.8 ± 2.4 °C (base temperature, Tb). The suboptimal thermal time θ150 needed for 50% germination was ca. 190 °Cd, which in the current scenario is accumulated in 20 days. The CCSM4 model estimates an increase of the potential distribution of the species of 12.3 to 18.3% compared to the current scenario. The temperature had an important effect on the physiological processes of the seeds. With the increase in temperature, the thermal needs for germination are completed in less time, so the species will not be affected in its distribution. Although the distribution of the species may not be affected, it is crucial to generate sustainable management strategies to ensure its long-term conservation.

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In approximately 15% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), total and phosphorylated EGFR proteins have been reported to be increased compared to healthy CD34+ samples. However, it is unclear if this subset of patients would benefit from EGFR signaling pharmacological inhibition. Pre-clinical studies on AML cells provided evidence on the pro-differentiation benefits of EGFR inhibitors when combined with ATRA or ATO in vitro. Despite the success of ATRA and ATO in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), therapy-associated resistance is observed in 5-10% of the cases, pointing to a clear need for new therapeutic strategies for those patients. In this context, the functional role of EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors has never been evaluated in APL. Here, we investigated the EGFR pathway in primary samples along with functional in vitro and in vivo studies using several APL models. We observed that total and phosphorylated EGFR (Tyr992) was expressed in 28% and 19% of blast cells from APL patients, respectively, but not in healthy CD34+ samples. Interestingly, the expression of the EGF was lower in APL plasma samples than in healthy controls. The EGFR ligand AREG was detected in 29% of APL patients at diagnosis, but not in control samples. In vitro, treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839) reduced cell proliferation and survival of NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and NB4-R2 (ATRA-resistant) cells. Moreover, the combination of gefitinib with ATRA and ATO promoted myeloid cell differentiation in ATRA- and ATO-resistant APL cells. In vivo, the combination of gefitinib and ATRA prolonged survival compared to gefitinib- or vehicle-treated leukemic mice in a syngeneic transplantation model, while the gain in survival did not reach statistical difference compared to treatment with ATRA alone. Our results suggest that gefitinib is a potential adjuvant agent that can mitigate ATRA and ATO resistance in APL cells. Therefore, our data indicate that repurposing FDA-approved tyrosine-kinase inhibitors could provide new perspectives into combination therapy to overcome drug resistance in APL patients.

RESUMEN

Laparoscopy and antibiotic-first (NOM) strategies have been introduced in the management of acute appendicitis in industrialised countries. Data regarding the feasibility of these strategies in low-income nations are sparse. A retrospective analysis of adult patients undergoing appendicectomy at a county non-teaching hospital in San Benito, Guatemala (Hospital Nacional (HNSB)) was compared to an academic, teaching institution in Dallas, USA (Veterans Medical Centre). Most patients at the VA (92%) underwent computed tomography prior to being operated upon while none did so at HNSB. Whilst all patients at HNSB underwent an open approach, 95% of VA patients underwent a laparoscopic appendicectomy with a 4.7% conversion rate. General anaesthesia was universally used at Veterans Medical Centre, whilst spinal anaesthesia was utilised in 88% of cases at HNSB. NOM of acute appendicitis was undertaken only rarely at the Veterans Medical Centre and never at HNSB, where it was not thought expedient.

Asunto(s)

Apendicitis/terapia , Hospitales de Condado , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Femenino , Guatemala , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos

RESUMEN

Introducción: La grave limitación funcional que conlleva la ceguera o debilidad visual concede al trasplante de córnea un alto valor social, económico y humano. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud se puede considerar como un indicador de calidad asistencial. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad de vida en pacientes adultos después del trasplante de córnea en un hospital de tercer nivel. Método: Con aprobación ética, se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes trasplantados de córnea de 2012 a 2016. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (SF-36) y agudeza visual en el ojo trasplantado (movimiento de manos, recuento de dedos y test de Snellen). Se aplicaron la prueba de ji cuadrado, el test de Kruskal-Wallis y el test de Wilcoxon; se consideró significativa una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 60 pacientes de 17 a 89 años de edad receptores de trasplante de córnea. El motivo de trasplante más frecuente fue por queratocono (n = 36). El 60% (n = 36) tuvieron buena visión después del trasplante y se hallaron diferencias significativas entre la agudeza visual del ojo trasplantado preoperatoria y posoperatoria (p = 0.000). La calidad de vida fue buena en el 86.67% de la muestra. Las dimensiones de la calidad de vida fueron mayores a medida que mejoró la agudeza visual (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: El seguimiento a pacientes trasplantados de córnea es indispensable para evaluar los resultados de la atención médica.

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Introduction: The severe functional limitation that blindness or visual weakness entails gives a high social, economic and human value to corneal transplantation. The quality of life related to health can be considered as an indicator of quality of care. Objective: To determine the quality of life in adult patients, after the cornea transplant in a third level hospital. Method: With ethical approval, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in patients transplanted from the cornea from 2012 to 1016. Sociodemographic variables, quality of life related to health (SF-36) and visual acuity (hand movement, counting of fingers and Snellen test). Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test and p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: We included 60 patients from 17 to 89 years of age, transplanted from the cornea. The most frequent reason for transplant was keratoconus (n = 36). Sixty percent (n = 36) had good vision after transplantation and significant differences were found between visual acuity before and after surgery (p = 0.000). The quality of life was good in 86.67% of the sample. The dimensions of quality of life were greater as visual acuity improved (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The follow-up of patients transplanted from the cornea is essential to evaluate the results of medical care

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años