RESUMEN
The peptide hormones oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been implicated in the regulation of mammalian social behavior. There is considerable evidence implicating both oxytocin and vasopressin in social recognition and social memory. This review explores their role in attachment dynamics. Oxytocin is one element in a complex network of interactions observed in natural phenomena ranging from molecular biology, etology, social behavior and human psychology.
Asunto(s)
Relaciones Interpersonales , Memoria , Oxitocina/fisiología , Animales , Humanos , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Conducta SocialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Pseudoseizures or nonepileptic seizures (NES) are termed "nonepileptic psychogenic seizures" and account for approximately 20% of all intractable seizure disorders. These seizures are often misdiagnosed as true epilepsy, resulting in inappropriate, ineffective and costly treatment of many patients. Nowadays video-EEG monitoring have greatly improved the ability of specialists to correctly distinguish NES from epilepsy. Nevertheless, patients with NES do not always demonstrate obvious psychopathology. The aim of this study is to examine the complexity and severity of psychopathological features of patients with NES, in order to optimize strategies of intervention and appropriate long-term psychological and psychopharmacological treatment for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated three samples: patients with NES, patients with epilepsy and a control sample. Subjects with pseudoseizures and epileptic seizures have been randomly recruited from the Epilepsy Centre at the Neurology Institute of Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome. Seizures have been documented by the recording of spontaneous events with video-EEG, EEG, clinical observation and ictal examination. Each sample of patients has been tested using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36). RESULTS: 17 (4 M; 13 F) patients with NES, 13 (3 M; 10 F) patients with epilepsy and 16 (4 M; 12 F) control subjects were recruited. Our preliminary results confirm previous researches showing that NES typically manifest between 20 and 30 years of age and that approximately a three-quarters of all patients are women. Besides, they confirm that psychosocial, environmental and intrapsychic mechanisms interact in the aetiology of NES: in particular, our preliminary results are consistent with the hypothesis that traumatic experiences are important precursors to the development and expression of NES. CONCLUSIONS: This study has yielded promising results and confirm the necessity to improve our knowledge about psychopathology of patients with NES. Psychiatrists and neurologists should work in equipe to guarantee an adequate treatment for a pathology too long set aside and almost ignored from clinical research.
Asunto(s)
Epilepsia/complicaciones , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Convulsiones/complicaciones , Convulsiones/diagnóstico , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Compared to the general population, the suicide rate in epilepsy is 5-fold increased. In particular, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have a 25-fold increased risk of suicide. Certain psychiatric disorders, including primary mood disorders, also increase the risk for suicide. Among people with epilepsy, psychiatric comorbidity is common, with an elevated rate of Major Depression. A review of the literature about the association between epilepsy, depression and suicide highlights the lack of evaluation of intensity, pervasiveness and characteristics of suicidal ideation in epileptic patients compared with patients with a diagnosis of Major Depression.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/complicaciones , Epilepsia/complicaciones , Suicidio , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A single case of Behçet's disease was studied throughout several consultations during a period of 15 years. METHODS: The evolution of the disease was related to important events in the subject's life, cognitive patterns, psychopathological features and, particularly, his relationships to women and to his family. RESULTS: Some interesting complex correlations between illness course and psychosocial events and states were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: Future prospective studies could better elucidate this multiple feedback.