RESUMEN
There are many blackberry cultivars in Brazil; however, the characteristics and applications of the Cherokee cultivar have not yet been widely studied. For this reason, this research investigated the behaviour of maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and pectin (PEC), as carriers combined in different proportions (20% MD, 15% MD + 5% GA, 15% MD + 5% PEC), on encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract obtained by freeze-drying. The results of moisture content (2.73-3.36%), water activity (aw) (0.11-0.15), solubility (52.40-54.11%), hygroscopicity (17.59-21.11%), colour (hue 0.24-0.32), retention of anthocyanins (51.55-60.53%), total phenolic compounds (39.72-70.73 mg GAE/100g), antioxidant activity at 25 mg/mL (77.89-80.02%), IC50 (12.26-14.53), simulated in vitro digestion and morphology were discussed. Concerning morphology, blackberry powders had irregular structures and amorphous structures. Comparatively, the best results were obtained for MD-GA. MD-GA presented the highest content of phenolic compounds (70.73 ± 1.84 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (80.02%), as well as the lowest IC50 value (12.26). In general, all powders showed an increase in phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion, because of the pH conditions and digestive enzymes present in the simulated digestive fluid. This result shows that the wall material provides protection, since the blackberry rich extract (RE) showed degradation of phenolic compounds in in vitro digestion. In this sense, freeze-drying is a suitable technique for the encapsulation of Cherokee blackberry pulp extract.
Asunto(s)
Goma Arábiga , Rubus , Goma Arábiga/química , Antioxidantes/química , Rubus/química , Brasil , Pectinas , Antocianinas/química , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Fenoles/químicaRESUMEN
MCM-48 mesoporous support was synthesized with the ionic solid 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C14MI]Cl) as a structure-directing agent for in situ immobilization of Candida antarctica B (CALB). The MCM-48[C14MI]Cl support showed characteristics of mesoporous material of interest, with a pore size of 20.30 and 73.41 A for the support without and with the enzyme, respectively. The elongation of the carbonic chain of the ionic solid directly influenced the increase in the specific area and pore volume of the material. In addition, the decrease in the specific area and pore volume for support with the enzyme showed the effectiveness of immobilization in situ. It was possible to obtain the ideal levels for the best activities of esterification of the enzyme with optimization of a mathematical model. The optimized variables were 0.31 g of enzyme and 3.35% of ionic solid with a maximum esterification activity of 392.92 U/g and 688% of yield. The support showed residual activity above 50% when stored under refrigeration for 75 days. At 60 and 80 °C, the enzyme immobilized on the support retained more than 80 and 40% of its residual activity, respectively. In addition, the support presented the possibility of reuse for up to 10 cycles with residual activity of approximately 50%. The support synthesized in the present study presents a great industrial opportunity for the immobilization and use of the CALB enzyme.