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BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a cancer of the elderly, with a median age at diagnosis of 71. More than one-third of people diagnosed with lung cancer are over 75 years old. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are special antibodies that target a pathway in the immune system called the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway. These antibodies help the immune system fight cancer cells by blocking signals that cancer cells use to avoid being attacked by the immune system. ICIs have changed the treatment of people with lung cancer. In particular, for people with previously-untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), current first-line treatment now comprises ICIs plus platinum-based chemotherapy, rather than platinum-based chemotherapy alone, regardless of their PD-L1 expression status. However, as people age, their immune system changes, becoming less effective in its T cell responses. This raises questions about how well ICIs work in older adults. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy compared to platinum-based chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab) in treatment-naïve adults aged 65 years and older with advanced NSCLC. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Lung Cancer Group Trial Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, two other trial registers, and the websites of drug regulators. The latest search date was 23 August 2023. We also checked references and searched abstracts from the meetings of seven cancer organisations from 2019 to August 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that reported on the efficacy and safety of adding ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy compared to platinum-based chemotherapy alone for people 65 years and older who had not previously been treated. All data emanated from international multicentre studies involving adults with histologically-confirmed advanced NSCLC who had not received any previous systemic anticancer therapy for their advanced disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were overall survival and treatment-related adverse events (grade 3 or higher). Our secondary outcomes were progression-free survival, objective response rate, time to response, duration of response, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). MAIN RESULTS: We included 17 primary studies, with a total of 4276 participants, in the review synthesis. We identified nine ongoing studies, and listed one study as 'awaiting classification'. Twelve of the 17 studies included people older than 75 years, accounting for 9% to 13% of their participants. We rated some studies as having 'some concerns' for risk of bias arising from the randomisation process, deviations from the intended interventions, or measurement of the outcome. The overall GRADE rating for the certainty of the evidence ranged from moderate to low because of the risk of bias, imprecision, or inconsistency. People aged 65 years and older The addition of ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy probably increased overall survival compared to platinum-based chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio (HR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 0.88; 8 studies, 2093 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Only one study reported data for treatment-related adverse events (grade 3 or higher). The frequency of treatment-related adverse events may not differ between the two treatment groups (risk ratio (RR) 1.09, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.32; 1 study, 127 participants; low-certainty evidence). The addition of ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy probably improves progression-free survival (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.68; 7 studies, 1885 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). People aged 65 to 75 years, inclusive The addition of ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy probably improved overall survival compared to platinum-based chemotherapy alone (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.87; 6 studies, 1406 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Only one study reported data for treatment-related adverse events (grade 3 or higher). The frequency of treatment-related adverse events probably increased in people treated with ICIs plus platinum-based chemotherapy compared to those treated with platinum-based chemotherapy alone (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.13; 1 study, 97 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The addition of ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy probably improved progression-free survival (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.73; 8 studies, 1466 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). People aged 75 years and older There may be no difference in overall survival in people treated with ICIs combined with platinum-based chemotherapy compared to platinum-based chemotherapy alone (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.16; 4 studies, 297 participants; low-certainty evidence). No data on treatment-related adverse events were available in this age group. The effect of combination ICI and platinum-based chemotherapy on progression-free survival is uncertain (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.36; 3 studies, 226 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Only three studies assessed the objective response rate. For time to response, duration of response, and health-related quality of life, we do not have any evidence yet. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Compared to platinum-based chemotherapy alone, adding ICIs to platinum-based chemotherapy probably leads to higher overall survival and progression-free survival, without an increase in treatment-related adverse events (grade 3 or higher), in people 65 years and older with advanced NSCLC. These data are based on results from studies dominated by participants between 65 and 75 years old. However, the analysis also suggests that the improvements reported in overall survival and progression-free survival may not be seen in people older than 75 years.

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OBJECTIVES: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as monotherapy or in combination compared to standard of care for elderly people (≥ 65 years) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

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BACKGROUND: New strategies in immunotherapy with specific antigens that trigger an anti-tumour immune response in people with lung cancer open the possibility of developing therapeutic vaccines aimed at boosting the adaptive immune response against cancer cells. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different types of therapeutic vaccines for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Wanfang Data, and China Journal Net (CNKI) up to 22 August 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel-group, randomised controlled trials evaluating a therapeutic cancer vaccine, alone or in combination with other treatments, in adults (> 18 years) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whatever the line of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were overall survival, progression-free survival, and serious adverse events; secondary outcomes were three- and five-year survival rates and health-related quality of life. MAIN RESULTS: We included 10 studies with 2177 participants. The outcome analyses included only 2045 participants (1401 men and 644 women). The certainty of the evidence varied by vaccine and outcome, and ranged from moderate to very low. We report only the results for primary outcomes here. TG4010 The addition of the vector-based vaccine, TG4010, to chemotherapy, compared with chemotherapy alone in first-line treatment, may result in little to no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.05; 2 studies, 370 participants; low-certainty evidence). It may increase progression-free survival slightly (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.99; 1 study, 222 participants; low-certainty evidence). It may result in little to no difference in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event, but the evidence is very uncertain (risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.23 to 2.19; 2 studies, 362 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Epidermal growth factor vaccine Epidermal growth factor vaccine, compared to best supportive care as switch maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy, may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.02; 1 study, 378 participants; low-certainty evidence), and in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.98; 2 studies, 458 participants; low-certainty evidence). hTERT (vx-001) The hTERT (vx-001) vaccine compared to placebo as maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.34; 1 study, 190 participants). Racotumomab Racotumomab compared to placebo as a switch maintenance treatment post-chemotherapy was assessed in one study with 176 participants. It may increase overall survival (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.87). It may make little to no difference in progression-free survival (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.00) and in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.15 to 7.18). Racotumomab versus docetaxel as switch maintenance therapy post-chemotherapy was assessed in one study with 145 participants. The study did not report hazard rates on overall survival or progression-free survival time, but the difference in median survival times was very small - less than one month. Racotumomab may result in little to no difference in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event compared with docetaxel (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.83). Personalised peptide vaccine Personalised peptide vaccine plus docetaxel compared to docetaxel plus placebo post-chemotherapy treatment may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.52) and progression-free survival (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.42). OSE2101 The OSE2101 vaccine compared with chemotherapy, after chemotherapy or immunotherapy, was assessed in one study with 219 participants. It may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.19). It may result in a small difference in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99). SRL172 The SRL172 vaccine of killed Mycobacterium vaccae, added to chemotherapy, compared to chemotherapy alone, may result in no difference in overall survival, and may increase the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.43; 351 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Adding a vaccine resulted in no differences in overall survival, except for racotumomab, which showed some improvement compared to placebo, but the difference in median survival time was very small (1.4 months) and the study only included 176 participants. Regarding progression-free survival, we observed no differences between the compared treatments, except for TG4010, which may increase progression-free survival slightly. There were no differences between the compared treatments in serious treatment-related adverse events, except for SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) added to chemotherapy, which was associated with an increase in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event, and OSE2101, which may decrease slightly the proportion of people having at least one serious treatment-related adverse event. These conclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as the very low- to moderate-certainty evidence prevents drawing solid conclusions: many vaccines were evaluated in a single study with small numbers of participants and events.

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PURPOSE: Universal cancer peptide-based vaccine (UCPVax) is a therapeutic vaccine composed of two highly selected helper peptides to induce CD4+ T helper-1 response directed against telomerase. This phase Ib/IIa trial was designed to test the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a three-dose schedule in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with refractory NSCLC were assigned to receive three vaccination doses of UCPVax (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, and 1 mg) using a Bayesian-based phase Ib followed by phase IIa de-escalating design. The primary end points were dose-limiting toxicity and immune response after three first doses of vaccine. Secondary end points were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival at 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients received UCPVax; 95% had three prior lines of systemic therapy. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 15 patients treated in phase Ib. The maximum tolerated dose was 1 mg. Fifty-one patients were eligible for phase IIa. The third and sixth dose of UCPVax induced specific CD4+ T helper 1 response in 56% and 87.2% of patients, respectively, with no difference between three dose levels. Twenty-one (39%) patients achieved disease control (stable disease, n = 20; complete response, n = 1). The 1-year OS was 34.1% (95% CI, 23.1 to 50.4), and the median OS was 9.7 months, with no significant difference between dose levels. The 1-year progression-free survival and the median OS were 17.2% (95% CI, 7.8 to 38.3) and 11.6 months (95% CI, 9.7 to 16.7) in immune responders (P = .015) and 4.5% (95% CI, 0.7 to 30.8) and 5.6 months (95% CI, 2.5 to 10) in nonresponders (P = .005), respectively. CONCLUSION: UCPVax was highly immunogenic and safe and provide interesting 1-year OS rate in heavily pretreated advanced NSCLC.

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Background: Studies have reported a beneficial role of the addition of trastuzumab to platin-5-FU based chemotherapy in first-line advanced HER2 positive gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, the effect of taxanes combined with platin-5FU + trastuzumab (PFT) is understudied. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the interest of taxanes among HER2-positive advanced GEA patients treated with PFT. We enrolled HER2-positive advanced GEA patients who underwent treatment between January 2009 to March 2021 in seven hospitals centers in France, treated with PFT alone (S group) or with taxanes + PFT regimen (T group). The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Also, overall survival (OS), response rate, conversion surgery rate, and safety were evaluated. Results: Overall, 65 patients received PFT-based therapy, 24 patients in the T group, and 41 patients in the S group. To avoid the selection bias, only those patients presenting an ECOG-PS of 0-1 and synchronous metastasis (21 patients in the T group and 19 patients in the S group) were included for analysis. The median PFS was 9.3 months (95%CI 7.0 to 17.2) in the T group and 5.9 months (95%CI 3.7 to 9.6) in the S group (log-rank p=0.038). Treatment by taxanes was significantly associated with a better PFS in univariate (HR 0.49; 95%CI 0.25 to 0.98, p=0.042) and multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR 0.44; 95%CI 0.21 to 0.94, p=0.033), and IPTW method (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91, p=0.019). OS was prolonged (19.0 months (95%CI 7.8 to 45.2) vs 13.0 months (95%CI 5.5 to 14.8), log-rank p=0.033) in favor of the T group. Treatment by taxanes was significantly associated with a better OS in univariate Cox regression analysis (HR 0.49; 95%CI 0.21 to 0.96, p=0.038) and IPTW method (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.84, p=0.009). The response rate was higher in the T group, with conversion surgery in five patients. No treatment-related death was observed in both groups. Conclusions: Given the improvement in PFS and OS, the addition of taxanes to standard chemotherapy could be considered as a promising treatment for selected HER2-positive advanced GEA patients, with PS 0-1 and synchronous metastasis (NCT04920747).

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BACKGROUND: Cabazitaxel was shown to improve overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after abiraterone/enzalutamine and docetaxel failure, though benefit by the presence of DNA damage repair (DDR) defects is unknown. With the advent of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in partially overlapping indications with cabazitaxel, we aimed to determine cabazitaxel activity in men with mCRPC according to their DDR status. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study that enrolled patients with mCRPC treated with cabazitaxel who had undergone DDR tumour tissue profiling. Patients with at least one deleterious germline or somatic alterations were considered DDR positive (DDR+). Each DDR + patient has been matched with a DDR negative (DDR-) from the same institution who underwent the same test. An exploratory cohort of patients found to be DDR + by liquid biopsy was also included. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) decline≥50% (PSA50), PSA progression-free survival (PFS, PSA-PFS), radiographic PFS (rPFS), clinical PFS or radiographic PFS (c/rPFS) and OS were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 190 men (95 DDR+, 95 DDR-) with tissue sequencing, PSA50 was achieved with cabazitaxel in 29/92 (32%) and 33/92 (36%) in patients with DDR+ and DDR- (P = 0.64). The median rPFS was 5.33 months [95%CI 4.34-7.04] versus 5.75 months [95%CI 4.67-7.27] (P = 0.55). The median OS was 15.4 months [95%CI 12.16-26.6] and 11.5 months [95%CI 9.76-14.4] (P = 0.036), respectively. No PSA50 responses on cabazitaxel were observed in BRCA1/2 patients previously treated with PARPi (n = 10). Similar outcomes with cabazitaxel were observed in the liquid biopsy cohort (n = 63 DDR+). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that cabazitaxel is active in patients with mCRPC regardless of their DDR status, although its activity in men pretreated with a PARPi may be lower.

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Adaptive Immune responses generated by SARS-CoV-2 virus in convalescent patients according to disease severity remain poorly characterized. To this end, we designed a prospective study (NCT04365322) that included 60 COVID-19 convalescent patients (1-month post infection) in two cohorts respectively entitled mild illness and severe pneumonia. The monitoring of peripheral immune responses was performed using IFNᵧ ELISpot assay. The serology index of each patient was investigated at the same time. Patients with severe pneumonia were older and had more comorbidities than patients with mild illness. T-cell responses in term of frequency and intensity were clearly distinct between mild illness and severe pneumonia patients. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that recent history of COVID-19 did not hamper viral memory T-cell pool against common viruses (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr-virus and Flu-virus). The presence of potent adaptive immunity even in patients who underwent severe pneumonia sustain the rationale for the development of protective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.

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Corticosteroids are among the most prescribed drugs in oncology. The indications range from cancer-related indications for refractory symptoms, anti-cancer effects mainly in hematology, supportive measures for cancer-specific treatments and more recently immune-related adverse events induced by modern immunotherapies. In oncological emergencies, corticosteroids are common first-line treatments because of their rapid effect and wide variety of actions. In the last 5 years, with the advance of immune checkpoint inhibitors, corticosteroids are becoming routinely used to manage immune-related adverse effects. Preclinical studies suggested that corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression might dampen the activity of immunotherapies. Prospective clinical studies show that corticosteroid use is a prognostic marker for the cancer outcome in metastatic setting but does not significantly alter the patient's response to immunotherapies per se. Here, we review the state of the art on corticosteroid use in oncology, with a focus on the drugs' potential impact on immunotherapy activity. The comprehensive pharmacological characteristics of corticosteroid drugs, clinical indications, modality of administration and associated precautions for use are discussed in this article.

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Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) is a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, it remains to be elucidated which molecular characteristics make up the ANGPT2-related poor-prognosis CRC subset. Public transcriptomic datasets were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus GEO and with the TCGAbiolinks R-package for the TCGA. After appropriate normalization, differential expression analysis was performed using Benjamini and Hochberg method for false discovery rate. Plasma from two prospective clinical trials were used to investigate the clinical impact of ANGPT2-related biomarkers. In the 935 samples included in four annotated platforms (GPL) and derived from localized CRC, ANGPT2hi expression conferred a worst overall survival (HR = 1.20; p = 0.02). CRC stage, ANGPT2hi expression but not Consortium Molecular Subtype (CMS) predict overall survival in multivariate analysis. ANGPT2 expression was not correlated with a specific CMS nor to RAS, RAF, MSI, p53, CIN, CIMP genomic alterations. Gene expression analysis revealed that ANGPT2hi CRC subset is characterized by angiogenesis-related gene expression, presence of myeloid cells, stromal organization and resistance to chemotherapy. A prognostic model was proposed using seric levels of ANGPT2, STC1 and CD138 in 97 mCRC patients. Our results provide evidence that ANGPT2 is a prognostic factor in localized CRC and defined a specific CRC subset with potential clinical implementation.

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Germ-cell tumors are the most common solid tumors in young men. The follow-up of these patients is very important in their management. In stage I testicular cancer, surveillance is the standard for low-risk disease. In addition to the early detection of relapse, follow-up should be directed towards prevention, detection and treatment of late toxicity, and secondary malignancies. Follow up consists in physical examination, laboratory analysis and radiological imaging. Recently, guidelines recommend risk-adapted surveillance strategy, with a reduction of CT scans numbers, due to the recognition of the risk of ionizing radiation exposure. However, efforts to maintain adequate compliance with follow up are required.

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Testicular cancers are the most frequent and the most curable cancers in young men. Treatments of these cancers represent a great success with cure rate over to 95 %. However, chemotherapy side effects may occur during or after several years post-treatment. This review aimed to highlight complications and physical and psychological side effects occurring mainly after chemotherapy treatment for testicular cancer, and to propose a personalized post-cancer plan specific for patients treated for testicular cancer. Treatments of these cancers can cause short-term complications (asthenia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia..). These side effects disappear within a few months after the end of the treatments. Late complications may occur several years post-treatment. Cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and secondary neoplasia represent the most severe late effects among patients treated for testicular cancer. Given the increased incidence of these chemotherapy-induced side effects, it is indispensable to establish a specific follow up which must include a particular vigilance on the risk of occurrence of second cancer, a follow-up of the cardio-vascular risk factors, pulmonary and auditory follow-up, and early detection of psychosocial disorders.

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GOAL: Long-term evaluation of the incidence of sexual dysfunction from patients who were treated by orchidectomy, chemotherapy, and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular cancer. METHODS: In 2018, patients who were treated in two academic hospitals by orchiectomy, chemotherapy, and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, and were in complete remission, were included. The patients included in this study filled the survey, which covered aspects of their sexuality (the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire) and answered additional questions, which evaluated psychological impact and modification of their sexuality since the management of their cancer. RESULTS: Twenty patients have been included, 70% of the patients treated for non-seminomatous germ cell tumor. Mean age was 36.4years±12.1 and the average duration of follow-up was 59months±34. Sexual dysfunction was found in 50% of the patients. Only 10% of the patients could preserve satisfying sexual activity during their treatment. Since the end of their treatment, 16%, 21% and 37% of patients respectively declared high libido loss, lower tumescent erections and persistence of anejaculation. In the end, nearly 70% of these patients wished a dedicated consultation with an urologist with subspecialty in andrology, in order to obtain further information during their care course. DISCUSSION: These patients have shown multicomponent sexual dysfunction. They could benefit from a new healthcare pathway implying early involvement of andrologist network.

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BACKGROUND: Enterocolitis is a rare, but serious gastrointestinal complication associated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with cancer. The incidence, clinical presentation and outcome of enterocolitis in patients with cancer treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy was assessed in this study Patients and Methods: All patients treated with docetaxel for cancer between January 2010 and December 2014 at the University Hospital of Besançon were identified and their medical records reviewed. RESULTS: During this period, 1,227 patients received docetaxel chemotherapy and gastrointestinal events occurred in 381 (31.1%) patients. In multivariate analysis, a higher risk of gastrointestinal events was associated with a higher dose of docetaxel (≥75 mg/m2) (odds ratio(OR)=46.2; 95% confidence interval(CI)=5.4-397.0, p=0.0005) and the first cycle of docetaxel (OR=4.2; 95% CI=1.8-10.1, p=0.001). Among the 381 patients with gastrointestinal events, grade 3/4 neutropenia, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, mucositis, nausea/vomiting, and rectal bleeding were diagnosed in 65 (17.1%), 51 (13.4%), 37 (9.7%); 12 (3.1%), seven (1.8%) and three (0.8%) patients, respectively; 54 patients (14.2%) were hospitalized. Computed tomographic scan was performed for 39 patients (10.2%). Twenty-seven patients presented radiological signs of enterocolitis. Three deaths (0.8%) related to enterocolitis were recorded. Docetaxel was resumed in 261 patients (68.5%) and the dose was reduced in 89 patients (23.4%). Docetaxel was discontinued in 120 patients (31.5%). CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal events in patients treated with docetaxel may be a potential sign of fatal enterocolitis and require particular attention. Dose reduction at the first cycle may reduce the risk of such events.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) and to identify risk factors for medication non-adherence in clinical practice in patients with early-stage hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BC) previously treated with chemotherapy. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional, observational, prospective, and multicenter survey based on a structured self-report postal questionnaire (35 items investigating six areas). A sample of 474 patients was drawn from 676 patients potentially eligible. The structured and validated Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-4 items was used for measuring medication adherence. An analysis of risk factors for non-adherence to AHT was performed using a two-step approach: univariate, then multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 280 patients out of the 428 analyzed patients participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 65.4% [60.9-69.9]. The prevalence of adherence to AHT was estimated at 68.6% [63.1-74.0], corresponding to a high level of adherence. Three risk factors for non-adherence to AHT were identified: > 2 medications to treat comorbidities (p-value = 0.003), age less than 65 years (p-value = 0.008), and patient management in a university hospital setting (p-value = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Non-adherence is a common, complex, and multidimensional healthcare problem. This better understanding and knowledge of risk factors will allow healthcare providers (such as oncologists, general practitioners, pharmacists) to more easily identify patients at risk for non-adherence and help them provide appropriate information about AHT and its management, thus improving medication adherence in their patients.

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Axitinib is approved with indication in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Due to the localization of this cancer, physicians sometimes have to deal with hemodialyzed patients. Data exploring hemodialysis (HD) impact on axitinib pharmacokinetic (PK) or safety are lacking. To date, no data have been published on that problematic. This is the first publication discussing the assessment of axitinib PK for a patient undergoing HD. Our results suggest that there is no influence of HD on axitinib blood concentration. Interestingly, the membranes used are common and represent around 90% of the membranes used in routine for HD. Our data are also reassuring both from activity and from safety perspectives. In that case, axitinib administered at a dose of 6 mg twice a day was well tolerated and allowed 12 months of disease control. These results are in line with previous publications discussing other anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors pharmacokinetics, safety and activity among patients with metastatic RCC undergoing hemodialysis.

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