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BACKGROUND: Due to the prevalence and incidence worldwide of type 2 diabetes, and the significant role physical activity plays in these patients, a systematic review has been conducted to find out the effects that high-intensity interval training has on inflammatory biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes. This project aims to determine the effect this training modality has on inflammatory biomarkers, in addition to observing its effects on the values of body composition and determining if this is a more effective, less effective or equally effective alternative to standard aerobic or resistance training. METHODS: A search was conducted in the months of November and December 2020 on different databases: Pubmed, WoS and PEDro. A protocol for this systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42021281186). The studies selected met the previously defined inclusion criteria, and the methodological quality of the papers used was evaluated according to the Downs and Black Checklist. RESULTS: Out of 46 studies found, seven were included. The most relevant data concerning the characteristics of the clinical trials and HIIT characteristics, the values of body composition and the biomarkers under study were extracted from each study. Moreover, the results obtained from the different studies were described. CONCLUSIONS: HIIT could have an effect on inflammatory biomarkers. There is likely to be a relationship between changes in inflammatory profile and fat loss. A controlled diet may be a good complement to reduce the inflammatory profile. Further studies are required to determine whether HIIT is a better, worse or an equivalent alternative to medium-intensity aerobic exercise to improve the inflammatory profile.

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There is controversy about the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and health. Seventy-four healthy adults (n = 28 women; 22.5 ± 4.2 years) participated in this cross-sectional study aimed at determining the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism, ascertained by polymerase chain reaction, on cardiometabolic risk (i.e., waist circumference, body fat, blood pressure (BP), glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers), maximal fat oxidation (MFO), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), physical activity and diet. Our results showed differences by ACE I/D polymorphism in systolic BP (DD: 116.4 ± 11.8 mmHg; ID: 116.7 ± 6.3 mmHg; II: 109.4 ± 12.3 mmHg, p = 0.035) and body fat (DD: 27.3 ± 10.8%; ID: 22.6 ± 9.7%; II: 19.3 ± 7.1%, p = 0.030). Interestingly, a genotype*sex interaction in relativized MFO by lean mass (p = 0.048) was found. The DD polymorphism had higher MFO values than ID/II polymorphisms in men (8.4 ± 3.0 vs. 6.5 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min), while the ID/II polymorphisms showed higher R-MFO values than DD polymorphism in women (6.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.6 ± 2.6 mg/kg/min). In conclusion, ACE I/D polymorphism is apparently associated with adiposity and BP, where a protective effect can be attributed to the II genotype, but not with cardiorespiratory fitness, diet and physical activity. Moreover, our study highlighted that there is a sexual dimorphism in the influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on MFO.

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It is unknown whether resting fat oxidation (RFO), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FatMax (intensity at which MFO is reached) are related to cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Thus the aim of this study was to examine the association of RFO, MFO and FatMax with CMR. 81 healthy adults (n = 31 women; 22.72 ± 4.40 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Glucose and triglycerides were analysed in plasma. Body composition, anthropometry, physical activity, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate measurements were taken. RFO and MFO were determined through indirect calorimetry. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test was performed until exhaustion after MFO test. The CMR cluster was created from individual CMR factors: waist circumference, body fat percentage, systolic BP, diastolic BP, blood glucose and plasma triglycerides. Groups of high and low MFO and VO2max were created. RFO was not associated with CMR (p < 0.05). FatMax, MFO and VO2max were associated with individual CMR factors as waist circumference (R2 = 0.144; R2 = 0.241; R2 = 0.285; p = 0.001; respectively) and plasma triglycerides (R2 = 0.111; p = 0.004 and R2 = 0.130; p = 0.002 and R2 = 0.093; p = 0.008; respectively) and clustered CMR factors (R2 = 0.105; p = 0.008 and R2 = 0.162; p = 0.001 and R2 = 0.239; p = 0.001; respectively). VO2max was also associated with body fat percentage (R2 = 0.105; p = 0.003) and diastolic BP (R2 = 0.083; p = 0.01), even adjusting for sex or age (p < 0.05). Groups with high level of MFO or VO2max obtained lower CMR (p = 0.001), even adjusting for sex or age (p < 0.01). FatMax, MFO and, especially, VO2max are associated with CMR, regardless of age and sex. However, RFO is not associated with CMR.

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Introducción: La obesidad es considerada uno de los principales problemas de salud de la sociedad moderna, existiendo variados tratamientos para revertirla, siendo la cirugía bariátrica (CB) el método más efectivo en los casos de obesidad severa. La capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (CCR) es un componente de la condición física valorada a través del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max); la cinética del VO2 es un aspecto poco estudiado de la CCR; se ha descrito que esta variable permite estimar la CCR sin elevados esfuerzos físicos en comparación con otras formas de evaluación; a pesar de lo anterior, no existe información respecto del impacto que tiene la gastrectomía vertical (GV) sobre la CCR evaluada a través de esta variable. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la GV en la cinética del VO2 de mujeres con obesidad. Material y método: Estudio de tipo cuasi experimental, participaron 15 mujeres con edad de 32,9±10,3 años y un IMC inicial de 35,2 ± 3,9 kg/m2. La muestra es de tipo no probabilística a través de grupo de voluntarios evaluados en tres momentos: previo a la cirugía (pre), 30 y 90 días post gastrectomía vertical (30post y 90post respectivamente). Se evaluó peso corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia cintura (CC), VO2peak y cinética del VO2. Resultados: Post cirugía las variables peso corporal, CC e IMC reportan disminución significativa (p < 0,001) respecto del momento pre-cirugía. El VO2peak relativo (ml/kg/min) aumentó entre 30post y 90post (p < 0,001); el VO2peak absoluto (L/min) disminuyó entre los momentos pre con 30post y pre con 90post (p < 0,05); la cinética del VO2 presentó un incremento del tiempo a los 30post (p < 0,05). Conclusión: La cinética del VO2 se ve incrementada en mujeres obesas intervenidas con GV a los 30 días post cirugía, lo que evidencia un deterioro de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria

Introduction: Obesity is considered one of the main health problems of modern society, there are several treatments to reverse it, being bariatric surgery (BS) the most effective method in cases of severe obesity. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an aspect of physical condition assessed through maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max); the kinetics of VO2 is a less studied aspect of CRF; it has been described that this variable allows estimation of the CRF without high physical efforts in comparison with other forms of evaluation; In spite of the above, there is no information regarding the impact that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has on the CRF evaluated through this variable.Objective: To determine the impact of SG on the VO2 kinetics of women with obesity. Material and method: Quasi-experimental study, 15 women with an age of 32,9 ± 10,3 years and an initial BMI of 35,2 ± 3,9 kg/m2 participated. The sample is non-probabilistic through a group of volunteers evaluated at three times: before surgery (pre), 30 and 90 days post vertical gastrectomy (30post and 90post respectively). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), VO2peak and VO2 kinetics were evaluated. Results: After surgery, the variables body weight, CC and BMI reported a significant decrease (p < 0,001) compared to the pre-surgery moment. The relative VO2peak (ml/kg/min) increases between 30post and 90post (p < 0,001); the absolute VO2peak (L/min) decreased between the pre moments with 30post and pre with 90post (p < 0,05); the kinetics of VO2 showed an increase intime at 30post (p < 0,05). Conclusion: The VO2 kinetics is increased in obese women undergoing SG at 30post surgery, which shows a deterioration of this capacity

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