RESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial en pediatría tiene una prevalencia de alrededor de un 2 a 3%. Existen factores de riesgo modificables como los estilos de vida saludable, que han demostrado ser eficaces en reducir los niveles de presión arterial. Para objeto de este estudio se estudiaron las concentraciones de NaCl y K en la nutrición en pediatría. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el consumo de cloruro de sodio y potasio en la nutrición que recibían un grupo de pacientes hospitalizados de 0 a 15 años de edad, recibiendo alimentación normal y compararla con el valor esperado normal. Para posteriormente realizar las modificaciones necesarias, dependiendo de los resultados del estudio, en conjunto con una elaboración de un programa de educación a los padres. MÉTODO: Es un estudio observacional analítico transversal, que fue realizado entre los meses de marzo y noviembre de 2013, donde se midió la concentración de cloruro de sodio y potasio en la alimentación que reciben los lactantes y niños hospitalizados en el servicio de pediatría de Clínica Las Condes y se comparó con los niveles recomendados para cada grupo de edad. Se analizaron 20 muestras recolectadas por cinco días consecutivos. Medición realizada por absorción atómica. Las nutriciones estudiadas fueron divididas en cuatro grupos de edad y aquellos que realizaron las mediciones estuvieron ciegos a éstos. RESULTADOS: Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores esperados y los observados en la ingesta de cloruro de sodio y potasio en todos los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El aumento del cloruro de sodio se debía al uso de alimentos procesados. Al cambiarlos por alimentos naturales se logró llegar a los valores esperados. La baja ingesta de potasio se corrigió aumentando la oferta de frutas y verduras.
INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of hypertension in children has a prevalence of about 2-3%. There are modifiable risk factors such as healthy lifestyles, which have proven to be effective in reducing blood pressure levels. For the purpose of this study the concentrations of NaCl and K in pediatric nutrition were studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the use of sodium chloride and potassium in the nutrition received by a group of hospitalized patients from 0-15 years old, receiving normal diet and compare it with the normal expected value. Depending on the study results, the concentration will be modified to reach the recommended concetrations for age. Also we will elaborate an education program for parents. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational study, was conducted between March and November 2013, where the sodium chloride and potassium concentrations in the diet received by infants and children hospitalized in the pediatric unit of Clinic Las Condes were measured and compared with those recommended for each age group. Twenty samples collected for five consecutive days were analyzed. Measures were performed by atomic absorption. Foods studied were divided in four age groups. Those measurements were performed blind to the age grupo. RESULTS: The concentration of NaCl in all age groups was higher than the recommended and the K concentration was less than the recomendad. There were statistically significant differences between expected and observed values in intake of sodium chloride and potasium in all groups. CONCLUSION: Increased sodium chloride due to the use of processed foods. It was replaced by natural foods so will be able to reach the expected values. Low potassium intake was corrected by increasing the supply of fruits and vegetables.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Sodio en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Potasio en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Hipertensión/prevención & control , Sodio en la Dieta/análisis , Cloruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Sodio/análisis , Niño Hospitalizado , Estudios Transversales , Potasio en la Dieta/análisis , Distribución por Edad , Análisis de los AlimentosRESUMEN
The present study is a non-inferiority study based on a descriptive and comparative case series for comparison of generic vs. original intravenous antimicrobials in septic oncology patients at an oncology private ICU. 1906 cancer patients admitted to Arturo Lopez Perez Foundation, Chile, were included in this study. After recruitment, a first retrospective group of 206 septic cancer patients recorded from 1st January, 2008 until July 14th, 2010, treated with original antibiotics (cefoperazone-sulbactam, imipenem-cilastatin, piperacillin-tazobactam) were included for analyses and a second prospective group of 143 septic cancer patients recorded from July 15th, 2010 until January 02, 2013, treated with the same but generic antibiotics were also included for comparisons. The trial protocol was developed in accordance with Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices recommendations. The results of this study showed no significant differences between the 2 groups in days of treatment, rate of success and lab test determinations (white cell count, PCR and procalcitonin), with lower, but not significant, total bed days and CPU bed days for generic antibiotics. Therefore, we conclude that the safety and efficacy of the generic antibiotics cefactam®, imipen® and Piperazam® are not inferior to original antibiotics for the treatment of severe sepsis in hospitalised patients at the Arturo Lopez Perez Foundation.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Cefoperazona/uso terapéutico , Cilastatina/uso terapéutico , Imipenem/uso terapéutico , Servicio de Oncología en Hospital , Ácido Penicilánico/análogos & derivados , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sulbactam/uso terapéutico , Administración Intravenosa , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Cefoperazona/efectos adversos , Cilastatina/efectos adversos , Combinación Cilastatina e Imipenem , Combinación de Medicamentos , Medicamentos Genéricos/efectos adversos , Medicamentos Genéricos/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Imipenem/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ácido Penicilánico/efectos adversos , Ácido Penicilánico/uso terapéutico , Proyectos Piloto , Piperacilina/efectos adversos , Piperacilina/uso terapéutico , Combinación Piperacilina y Tazobactam , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sulbactam/efectos adversos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Patterns of amino-acid polymorphism in human mitochondrial genes have been interpreted as evidence for divergent selection among populations that inhabit climatically distinct environments. If similar patterns are mirrored in other broadly distributed mammalian species, then adaptive modifications of mitochondrial protein function may be detected in comparisons among locally adapted populations of a single wide-ranging species, or among closely related species that have adapted to different environments. Here, we test for evidence of positive selection on cytochrome b variation within and among species of the ecologically diverse rodent genus Peromyscus. We used likelihood-based comparisons of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates to test for evidence of divergent selection between high- and low-altitude haplogroups of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. We also tested for evidence of divergent selection among different species of Peromyscus that inhabit different thermal environments. In contrast to the purported evidence for positive selection on mitochondrial proteins in humans and other nonhuman mammals, results of our tests suggest that the evolution of cytochrome b in Peromyscus is chiefly governed by purifying selection.
Asunto(s)
Citocromos b/genética , Evolución Molecular , Peromyscus/genética , Altitud , Grupos de Población Animal/genética , Animales , Variación Genética , Ratones , Peromyscus/clasificación , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
We examined the effect of norepinephrine injections on non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), rewarming rate, and metabolic cost during torpor arousal in warm- and cool-acclimated Chilean mouse-opposums, Thylamys elegans. Warm- and cool-acclimated animals did not display NST in response to NE injections. Values of VO2 (resting, after saline and NE injections) were not significantly different within treatments. Rewarming rates of warm-acclimated animals did not differ significantly from those in cool-acclimated animals. In contrast, the metabolic cost of torpor arousal was significantly affected by acclimation temperature. Warm-acclimated animals required more energy for arousal than cool-acclimated animals. Our study suggests that the main thermoregulatory mechanism during torpor arousal in this Chilean marsupial is shivering thermogenesis, and that its amount can be changed by thermal acclimation.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Hibernación/fisiología , Zarigüeyas/fisiología , Animales , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chilean aboriginal populations (Mapuche) predominantly live in the region of Araucanía, in the southern part of the country. Their cardiovascular risk factors have not been systematically assessed. AIM: To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Mapuche population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Blood pressure, weight, height, dietary habits, fasting serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 1.948 adults living in 28 Mapuche communities. RESULTS: Thirteen percent of males and 16% of females had high blood pressure. Body mass index was 25.5 kg/m2 in males and 28.1 kg/m2 in females. Forty five percent of women and 24% of men were classified as obese. Mean serum total cholesterol was 186.7 +/- 9.6 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol was 58.7 +/- 30.7 mg/dl, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol was 3.4 +/- 2 and triglycerides were 155.2 +/- 91.2 mg/dl. Twenty eight percent of males and 9.6% of females smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Mapuche individuals have higher levels of HDL cholesterol a better total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and lower frequency of smoking than non aboriginal Chileans subjects.
Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Lípidos/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Chile/epidemiología , Colesterol/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estado Nutricional , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognosis in patients with diphtherial myocarditis and bradyarrhythmias and to assess the results of ventricular pacing in those with third degree atrioventricular block. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Referral department of cardiology in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty four out of 46 patients admitted with diphtherial myocarditis over 10 years had bradyarrhythmias. Six had sinus bradycardia, 15 atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disturbances, and three atrioventricular dissociation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Death rate. RESULTS: Eleven patients died (46%): all seven patients with third degree atrioventricular block, the patient with bifascicular block, and three of the six patients with bundle branch block. Seven died of cardiogenic shock and four of ventricular fibrillation. All nine patients with sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular dissociation survived. CONCLUSION: Conduction system disturbances in patients with diphtherial myocarditis are markers of severe myocardial damage and a poor prognosis. In addition, ventricular pacing does not improve survival.
Asunto(s)
Bradicardia/complicaciones , Estimulación Cardíaca Artificial , Difteria/complicaciones , Miocarditis/complicaciones , Adolescente , Bradicardia/mortalidad , Bradicardia/terapia , Niño , Preescolar , Difteria/mortalidad , Difteria/terapia , Femenino , Bloqueo Cardíaco/mortalidad , Bloqueo Cardíaco/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Miocarditis/mortalidad , Miocarditis/terapia , PronósticoRESUMEN
Con el fin de evaluar la importancia de la contracción auricular en pacientes (pac.) con Marcapaso (MP) ventricular en pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardíaca (IC), se efectuó cateterismo cardíaco derecho y medición de Presión Arterial (PA) directa en 11 pac. con bloqueo a-v total y MP: 4 pac. sin IC y 7 con IC. Se efectuó medición de presiones y débito (DC): 1.- Basal (B); 2.- Con estimulación auricular secuencial (ES) con estimulador externo Medtronic 5325 y 3.- Con estimulación auricular intra QRS (EI). El DC. B. de 3.86 ñ 0.30 lt/min. aumentó a 4.53 ñ0.48 lt/min., con 17.3% de incremento en relación a DC.B (p< 0.0025). Con EI. el DC. bajó a 3.60 ñ 0.14 lt/min. que es 6.7% inferior a DC.B y 20.5% inferior a ES. (p.< 0.01). En los pacientes con IC. el aumento del DC con ES fue de 0.36 ñ 0.4 lt./min. (8% mayor que DC.B.), significativamente menor que el aumento de los pacientes sin IC.: 0.93 ñ 0.4 lt/min. que equivale a 23% (p <0.025). Al pasar de ES a EI la PA. descendió en promedio de 171/78 a 149/75 mm. de Hg. La PA. diferencial descendió 47% en los pac. sin IC y 15% en los pac. con IC., (diferencia significativa: p < 0.005). Hubo correlación lineal entre el cambio de presión y cambio de débito. Se concluye que la relación temporal P-QRS determina importantes cambios de DC y PA. Los pac. con IC tuvieron menor mejoría con ES, explicable en la IC avanzada en porción horizontal de curva de función ventricular. Ello y la amplia variación individual, justifican la metódica de estudio seguida antes de un implante de M.P. Secuencial