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Oral cancer is the most common malignancy in many developing countries, such as India, due to increased consumption of smokeless tobacco. The trace elemental components in commercially packaged forms of tobacco can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer. To qualitatively assess the trace elements in various types of commercially packaged forms of tobacco using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Two popular varieties of 'Paan masala' that contained a mixture of slaked lime with areca nut, catechu, and other flavouring agents (tobacco was absent) and four types of packaged tobacco were obtained from 'Paan' shops. The contents in the packets were made into pellets using a hydraulic press and subjected to elemental analysis using LIBS. A ten-trial experiment was carried out on all six pellets. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database was used to assess the emission lines. The elements obtained from commercially packaged tobacco and Paan masala were similar: calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr). Substances that cause DNA damage and carcinogenesis are inorganic elements such as nickel. Our study revealed that carcinogens such as nickel are present in the commercially packaged forms of tobacco and 'Paan masala' samples.

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Ultratrace elemental detections from a limited volume of samples can offer significant benefits in biomedical fields. However, it can be challenging to concentrate the particles being analyzed in a small area to improve the accuracy of detection. Ring-like deposits on the edges of colloidal droplets are a vexing problem in many applications. Herein, we report ultratrace elemental detection using a superhydrophobic surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SELIBS) substrate fabricated by laser ablation followed by a soft lithography technique. In this work, the SELIBS spectra on a superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate replicated from a laser-patterned master Teflon substrate are investigated. This work highlights the application of this newly created superhydrophobic substrate for detecting trace elements in body fluids using SELIBS. The developed PDMS substrate was successfully adopted to investigate the electrolyte variation in serum samples of oral cancer patients and normal volunteers. Principal component analysis (PCA) and match-no-match analysis were used to distinguish the elemental variation in cancer and control groups.

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Objective: Assess trace elements in betel leaves and slaked lime from different regions of Karnataka, India using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Materials and Method: Betel leaves from six different regions of Karnataka were obtained and named (for the purpose of the study) BL1, BL2, BL3, BL4, BL5, and BL6 and they were sun-dried. A single tube of slaked lime was obtained from the local 'paan' shop. Each dried leaf and a single blob of slaked lime was subjected to elemental analysis using Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Results: A ten-trial experiment was carried out in all six leaves and a blob of the slaked lime. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database was used to assess the emission lines. The elements that were predominantly present in all six betel leaves from different regions of Karnataka are calcium, copper, and iron. Slaked lime showed only the presence of calcium. Conclusion: It is widely accepted that the consumption of betel quid causes various changes in the oral mucosa including oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer. It is important to analyze each component of betel quid to understand the disease progression. Copper is found to be relatively higher in betel leaves, and it is known that copper-induced fibrogenesis via the lysyl oxidase pathway in oral submucous fibrosis.

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BACKGROUND: Oral complications arising out of radiation therapy and chemotherapy significantly affect the oral health status of patients leading to severe distress. Poor oral health can impair nutritional intake and patient recovery. Trained nurses lack knowledge of oral care of patients receiving cancer treatment. PURPOSE: The study is aimed at training the nurses and conducting a documentation audit to assess the effect of the training on their clinical practice.  Methods: A quantitative research approach was adopted using one group pretest-post-test design to train 72 nurses on oral care of cancer patients working in radiation oncology wards of a tertiary care setting in the southern part of India. After the training program, 80 head and neck cancer patient records were audited to monitor the implementation of oral care. RESULTS: After completing the training program, the knowledge score increased to 13.54 with a mean difference of 4.15 at a p-value <0.001, which indicates that the training was effective, resulting in a gain in knowledge scores. Nurses reported usage of evidence-based intervention, and patient education materials helped them in the clinical practice and a few barriers to oral care practice were identified while implementing the oral care i.e increased frequency of oral care, increased documentation, and time issues. There was poor adherence to the implementation of oral care for cancer patients after the training program, as monitored by a documentation audit. CONCLUSION: Capacity building of the nurses in providing effective oral care of cancer patients will help in improving the standards of cancer nursing practice. An implementation audit of the records would help check adherence to the new oral care practice. A hospital-instituted protocol can result in the effective implementation of the practice change rather than a researcher-introduced protocol.

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Background: To determine age and sex from tooth specimens using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Materials and methods: A total of 170 human teeth samples between age of 15-86 years of both male and female sex were obtained for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the tooth samples were mounted and ground sections of about 1.5-2 mm thickness were prepared. Each tooth sample was subjected to LIBS along the cemento-enamel junction and spectrographs were acquired that denoted the elemental presence in each tooth sample. Results: The elemental concentration of Ca I, Ca II, P and Fe in all the teeth samples declined as the age progressed. The Peak intensity of Ca, P and Fe was observed in the second decade of life. The overall concentration of Fe exhibited highest intensity in both male and female samples when compared with other elements assessed. The general concentration of all the elements were relatively higher in the female samples when compared to those in males. Conclusion: The CEJ seems to be a better site for elemental analysis of tooth since multiple tooth sites are represented in this region and the other sites of teeth such as enamel or roots of teeth may tend to get fractured, and my not be available for the analysis. The signal intensities of trace elements seen to reduce with increase in age. However, certain external factors also seemed to have an influence on these outcomes.

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AIM: This study aims to detect the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with psychiatric disorders on psychotropic medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 46 patients above the age of 18 years who have been diagnosed with psychiatric illness and under psychotropic medications were included in this study. Thorough case history and oral findings were recorded. Patients with already existing systemic illness and other oral manifestations were excluded from this study. RESULTS: Out of 46 patients, 34 patients presented with oral manifestations such as xerostomia, sialorrhea, geographic tongue, candidiasis, and burning mouth syndrome, secondary to the use of psychotropic medications. The oral manifestations were significantly higher in the patients under antipsychotics (80.0%), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (66.7%), antiepileptics (55.6%), antidepressants (44.4%), benzodiazepine (44.4%), and tricyclic antidepressants (13.7%). CONCLUSION: The commonly used psychotropic medications to treat patients with psychiatric illnesses such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressants, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines exhibited several oral manifestations. However, long-term use of these medications seems to cause oral changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Awareness among psychiatrists about oral changes associated with the use of psychotropic medication will assist them to make necessary modifications in the prescriptions. Dental practitioners will be able to recognize these changes early in the course of the condition and provide appropriate treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is a debilitating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Depending on the site and extent of the involvement of the cancer and the type of treatment modality, these patients can develop pain, trismus, xerostomia, dysphagia, and taste disturbances, compromising them socially and nutritionally. The aim of the study was to evaluate malnutrition and quality of life in patients treated for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted which included 97 patients treated for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The quality of life of the selected patients was assessed by using a validated European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer's Quality of Life Questionnaire, Head and Neck and Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire. Pre- and posttreatment weight of the patients were assessed, and weight loss of ≥10% of pretreatment weight was considered as malnutrition. The chi-square test was used to correlate the symptoms with the quality of life. A paired t test was used to assess the differences in weight before and after treatment, and a p value of <0.005 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The most commonly reported symptoms were xerostomia (93.81%), pain (81.44%), and dysphagia (76.3%). A total of 40.2% of the individuals in the study had malnutrition. Malnutrition was comparatively lower in the group who had nutritional supplements. CONCLUSION: The quality of life in patients treated for oral and oropharyngeal cancer deteriorates immediately after the treatment; however, it significantly improves over time.

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Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is included in the category of ginglymoarthrodial synovial joints. The mandibular condyle plays a vital part in the development of the craniofacial complex. Hence, the evaluation and assessment of the condylar volume and its morphology are of utmost importance. Aim The aim of this research was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging modality to evaluate the morphology of the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa in a selected population and document any morphometric changes. Setting and Design It is an observational study. Materials and Methods A retrospective CBCT analysis was performed on 119 patients. The length, width, height, linear measurements of the joint spaces (anterior, posterior, and superior), volume of the condyle, and roof of glenoid fossa thickness were evaluated on both the left and right sides in both males and females. Results The height, width, and length of mandibular condyle were significantly increased in males on both sides. Except for the left anterior space, all other spaces were significantly larger in males. Overall, the volume of the condyles in males was significantly increased on both sides. Conclusion CBCT can be a valuable diagnostic aid in the evaluation of various dimensions, joint spaces, and condylar volume in different planes and thus, can be a useful predictor in the assessment of treatment outcomes of disorders affecting the TMJ.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a tool for measuring morphometric and volumetric measurements of the orbit. Also, to assess gender and age variations and compare traditional methods of measurements in dry-skull, cadaveric, and other imaging modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Morphometric and volumetric values of 98 orbits (49 subjects, 21 men/28 women) were measured using CBCT. Their mean and standard deviation were measured and analyzed. The gender and age variability older and younger than 40 years were evaluated. They were compared with other dry-skull and imaging studies done among different populations. RESULTS: CBCT could accurately measure the various morphometric and volumetric parameters of the orbit. From the reference point infraorbital foramen (I) to lacrimal fossa (F1), inferior orbital fissure (F2), inferior orbital rim (F3), and the optic canal (F4) were (in mm) (mean ± SD) 22.88 ± 1.08, 32.53 ± 0.88, 7.44 ± 0.71, and 51.45 ± 1.28, respectively. From the reference point, superior orbital notch/foramen (S) to superior orbital fissure (S1), lacrimal fossa (S2), and the optic canal (S3) were 49.29 ± 2.1, 26.39 ± 1.58, and 46.82 ± 0.88, respectively. From the reference point frontozygomatic suture (L) to lacrimal fossa (L1), superior orbital fissure (L2), the optic canal (L3), and inferior orbital fissure (L4) were 18.19 ± 0.88, 39.91 ± 1.44, 47.63 ± 1.11, and 35.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Orbital volume was found to show a significant difference between older and younger than 40 years of age, though not significant compared between men and women. CONCLUSION: CBCT is a viable tool for morphometric and volumetric measurements of the orbit and other orocraniofacial structures. It can also assess age and gender variability. The low cost, high accuracy, low radiation, and ease of use can help in reproducibility among the different living populations.

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Objective: To study the influence of skeletal malocclusion on the oropharyngeal airway volume and the difference in the airway volume among gender and the different types of skeletal malocclusion.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 180 full-field of view (FOV) CBCT scans (55 in Class 1, 55 in Class II, and 70 in Class III) were assessed to measure the oropharyngeal airway volume, ANB angle, SNB angle, and Wits appraisal. The values were compared among different skeletal malocclusions and were correlated to gender.Result: There was a significant result in terms of oropharyngeal airway volume among different types of skeletal malocclusion and ANB angle, SNB angle, and Wits appraisal among males and females.Conclusion: CBCT is a cheaper, more convenient option than polysomnography (PSG) when assessing airways, and thus, a maxillofacial radiologist is importantly placed in the assessment of the retropalatal and retroglossal volume of the oropharyngeal airway.

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INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are abnormalities affecting the temporomandibular joint, jaw muscles, or both. An intrinsic relationship reportedly exists between TMDs and psychosocial factors, including stress. Parafunctional habits such as bruxism and clenching are also known to be responsible for TMDs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of anxiety, depression, and bruxism with TMD symptoms and their relationship with age and sex. METHODS: Patients included in the study reported, as their chief concern, pain lasting for more than a week in the temporomandibular joint area and/or masticatory muscles. The patients were divided into age groups as follows: Younger than 20 years, 21 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years, 51 to 60 years, and above 60 years. Patients were examined clinically and were asked to complete an anamnestic questionnaire (modified version of Helkimo Anamnestic Index) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (55 women, 20 men) were included in the study. The prevalence of TMDs was higher in female patients, of whom 33 (60%) had moderate to severe TMDs. Of the 20 male patients, 12 (60%) had signs and symptoms of moderate TMDs. Anxiety and depression scores were higher in female patients. No significant correlation was found between degree of malocclusion and TMDs. DISCUSSION: We found correlations between the degree of TMD with age, sex, parafunctional habits, and psychosocial factors. Symptoms of TMD seemed to increase in patients with parafunctional habits, from younger to older age groups, and with increased anxiety and depression scores. CONCLUSION: The degree of TMDs is higher in women, and TMDs are associated with higher anxiety and depression scores. Correlation between these factors paves the way for preventive actions aimed at those with moderate and severe signs of TMDs.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tobacco and its association with oral precancers and cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 1,007 individuals were assessed for the patterns of tobacco abuse and the presence of tobacco-related oral mucosal alterations. RESULTS: This study comprised 1,007 individuals (M:F: 95.4%:4.6%). In the cohort, 60.1% had smoking habit and 56.1% had smokeless habit. Of the bidi smokers, 18.2% developed carcinoma, 14.3% developed leukoplakia, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis of the development of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) shows that habit of smokeless forms of tobacco has an odds ratio (OR) of 18+ when compared with smoking. Combination of bidi and gutkha had 12.3 times higher risk of developing oral cancer and 4.4 times risk of developing leukoplakia. A total of 33.3% betel quid and gutkha chewers presented with tobacco pouch keratosis, which is statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco were equally popular among the study population. The packeted form of smokeless tobacco (gutkha) was more prevalent. Oral submucous fibrosis was more common than leukoplakia, and oral cancer developed more frequently in elderly men smoking bidis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study throws light on the fact that the use of both smoke and smokeless forms of tobacco is still prevalent, and the use of gutkha was most prevalent. These findings will help tobacco cessation and counseling centers to focus their effort in motivating people to stop gutkha chewing habit. This also brings to the forefront the need to create better treatment strategies to manage OSMF.

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Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a heterogeneous group of pathologies affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the jaw muscles, or both. Epidemiological studies of TMD reveal a prevalence of 82% in the general population with 48% of them presenting with clinical features of muscle tenderness and difficulty in mouth opening. TMD are considered to be the most common orofacial pain conditions of nondental origin. Methods: The patients with TMD were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, based on their VAS scale. Group A consists of two subgroups 1 and 2 each consisting of 15 patients. Group B consists of two subgroups 3 and 4 consisting of 15 patients. Patients in Group A were given TENS for twenty minutes, and the frequency is adjusted as follows: (i) subgroup 1: TENS frequency at a range of 0-5 (VAS measuring 1-5) and (ii) subgroup 2: TENS frequency at a range of 5 and above (VAS measuring 6-10). Patients in Group B were given MENS for twenty minutes, and the frequency adjusted as follows: (i) subgroup 3: MENS frequency at range of 0-5 (VAS measuring 1-5) and (ii) subgroup 4: MENS frequency at a range of 5 and above (VAS measuring 6-10). Each patient was recalled for five consecutive days for the treatment, and the same intensity and frequency were maintained throughout the treatment period. Results: The improvement in VAS is seen to be highly significant statistically in MENS subgroup 4 (moderate-to-severe pain). Subgroups 1 and 3 had improvement in VAS which was comparable in both TENS and MENS groups. Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that TENS and MENS are equally effective in improving the functional mouth opening. MENS showed better and immediate effect in relief of pain. Microcurrent also has the advantage of being subthreshold, and hence the side effects such as tingling sensation and paresthesia seen to occur in some patients following TENS are absent. TENS and MENS can be considered as the first line of treatment in patients with acute and chronic masticatory muscle pain and also as an effective treatment option in cases of functional mouth opening.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe a randomized control trial protocol that assesses the effectiveness of an oral care protocol on chemotherapy- and radiation therapy-induced oral complications in cancer patients. METHODS: This study is a randomized, outcome assessor blinded study. For Phase I training phase, one group pretest-posttest design will be implemented for training the staff nurses on oral care in cancer patients and for Phase II Intervention Phase, randomized clinical trial will be used to determine the effectiveness of oral care protocol. Twenty-five staff nurses working in radiation oncology areas hospital will be trained about oral care in cancer patients. Seventy newly diagnosed patients with head and neck cancer admitted to the oncology wards of a tertiary care hospital in South India will be enrolled. Patients will be randomly allotted to a control and intervention group. The primary outcome variables are oral complications and oral health assessment. RESULTS: The results of the preliminary survey conducted among 158 staff nurses showed that 81 (51.3%) of the staff nurses had poor knowledge regarding oral care of cancer patients and majority 128 (81.0%) of them suggested for training in the specific area of oral care of cancer patients. A pilot study conducted by the principal investigator to determine the feasibility of the study among 9 participants (4 experimental and 5 control) revealed that there was slight difference found in the incidence of oral complications among the group in relation to weeks of assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study may give data regarding the occurrence of oral complications in head and neck cancer patients, and even, it can enlighten on the effectiveness of oral care protocol on oral complications. If this protocol is found effective, then this protocol can be made part of daily nursing care to improve the patient outcome.

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BACKGROUND: Oral health awareness and oral care are crucial aspects of oncology nursing practice. However, very few studies concentrate on the oral care of cancer patients undergoing cancer treatment and nursing practice in the Indian subcontinent scenario/situation. Most of the published studies have been conducted in the Western and European countries. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the nurses' practice and barriers regarding oral care in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 158 staff nurses working in oncology-related areas from four different hospitals of Dakshina Kannada district and Udupi district of Karnataka state, India. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive and inferential statistics was used by using SPSS 16 version. RESULTS: More than half of respondents [54 (34.2%)] did not perform oral care as a part of routine duties. Maintenance of various records, lack of manpower, and lack of standard operating procedures were major barriers in providing oral care. Documentation audit revealed that nurses recorded oral care in the chart only when order was present in the care sheet, but oral problem assessment was not recorded at all. In all four hospitals surveyed, there was no protocol specifically designed for oral care of cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Nurses expressed that oral care in cancer patients was one of the most ignored aspect in oncology nursing. Our result highlights the need to develop evidence-based oral care intervention protocol and motivate staff nurses to attend continuing nursing educations regularly to keep themselves abreast of the latest trends in order to render comprehensive care to the patients.

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BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the 6th most frequently occurring cancer worldwide, with over 400,000 cases projected annually. Multiple factors such as tobacco, alcohol, irradiation, virus, and chronic irritants are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The most important risk factors are chronic exposure to tobacco and alcohol. Although the evidence that implicates virus is increasing, particularly (human papillomavirus [HPV]), in the carcinogenesis process, the role of virus is not well established. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This study is designed to assess the presence of HPV in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity as well as to correlate the presence of HPV with addictive habits and histopathological grading of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsy samples of OSCC and potentially malignant lesions were obtained and 3, 5 µm thickness sections were cut using a microtome. The sections were collected using a sterile brush and transferred to an Eppendorf tube. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HPV were done. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The association between histopathological grading and presence of HPV was assessed using Chi-square test and the values thus obtained were found to be statistically significant. HPV was more predominantly seen in well-differentiated carcinomas and moderately differentiated carcinomas as compared to poorly differentiated carcinomas.

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INTRODUCTION: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) causes progressive debilitating symptoms, such as oral burning sensation (stomatopyrosis) and limited mouth opening. The standard of care (SOC) protocol includes habit cessation, intralesional steroid and hyaluronidase injections, and mouth opening exercises. The objective of the study was to evaluate efficacy of rebamipide in alleviating burning sensation of the oral mucosa in OSF in comparison with SOC intralesional steroid injections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty OSF patients were divided into two groups [rebamipide (100 mg TID for 21 days) and betamethasone (4 mg/mL biweekly for 4 weeks)] of 10 each by random sampling. Burning sensation was assessed every week for 1 month. Burning sensation scores were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test. RESULTS: Change in burning sensation score was significant (p < 0.05) in the first four visits. However, score between the 4th and 5th visit was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that rebamipide can be considered as an effective modality to manage burning sensation in patients suffering from OSF. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Considering stomatopyrosis and trismus as a major cause for inability to eat in OSF, use of newer adjunctive modalities, such as rebamipide will ease patients suffering and also encourage them to consume food.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure key anatomic landmarks related to pulp chamber morphology in primary maxillary and mandibular first and second molars. METHODS: Bitewing radiographs of 42 subjects were taken under standardized conditions using a millimeter X-ray grid. One hundred fifty-three primary molars (44 maxillary first molars, 49 maxillary second molars, 30 mandibular first molars, and 30 mandibular second molars) were analyzed for the required anatomic landmarks using Image J Analysis Software. The data were analyzed in terms of mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variance for each measurement. Mean measurements were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc HSD test. RESULTS: The distance between cusp tip to pulp chamber ceiling was approximately four mm, the distance between pulpal floor to furcation was approximately 1.7 mm, and the average height of the pulp chamber was observed to be in the range of two to three mm. CONCLUSION: The key measurements involved in access cavity preparation were consistent across the different types of primary molars.

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CONTEXT: Oral health awareness and oral care are crucial aspects of oncology nursing practice. However very few studies concentrate on the oral care of cancer patients undergoing cancer treatment and nursing practice in the Indian subcontinent. Most of the published studies have been conducted in the Western and European countries. AIM: This study aimed to determine the nurses' knowledge and education about oral care in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. SETTING AND DESIGN: A cross sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 158 staff nurses working in oncology related areas from 4 different hospitals of Dakshina Kannada district and Udupi district of Karnataka state, India. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive and inferential statistics was used by using SPSS 16 version. RESULTS: Majority 81 (51.3%) of the staff nurses had poor knowledge of oral care in cancer patients whereas 87 (55.1%) reported that knowledge acquired through basic education in oral care is not sufficient. Most of the staff nurses 115 (72.8%) did not receive basic education in oral care of cancer patients. There was significant association between knowledge and variables such as designation (.005), years of work experience (.040) and years of experience in cancer wards (.000) at 0.05 levels. CONCLUSION: Lack of knowledge suggest the need to develop and implement continuing nursing education programs on oral care specifically for patients receiving cancer treatments, for improving knowledge of staff nurses' in order to render comprehensive care to the patients. This study also recommends the importance of inclusion of cancer patient specific oral care in the curriculum which can enhance competency of the qualified nurses in cancer wards.

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Neurofibroma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor, usually found in association with Von Recklinghausen's disease of the skin. The solitary variant commonly occurs in the head and neck region, mostly affecting young adults. They are characteristically slow-growing masses, often asymptomatic and have been found most commonly in the tongue and buccal mucosa. A recent literature review highlighting incidences in various other locations has been tabulated here. We also report a case of a solitary neurofibroma of the gingiva in a 72-year-old male of 15 years duration. Histopathology revealed a fibromyxoid stroma with sinuous nerve bundles with buckled nuclei.

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